As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 24, 2022.

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

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Form F-1
(Amendment No. 6)
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

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Virax Biolabs Group Limited
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

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30 Broadwick Street
London, W1F 8LX
United Kingdom
Telephone: +44 020 7788 7414

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

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Cogency Global Inc.
122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor
New York, NY 10168
+1 800-221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

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Copies of all communications, including communications sent to agent for service, should be sent to:

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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, check the following box. ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

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†         The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

1,350,000 Ordinary Shares

Virax Biolabs Group Limited

This is the initial public offering of our ordinary shares (“Ordinary Shares”). We are offering 1,350,000 of our Ordinary Shares, par value $0.0001 per share, on a firm commitment basis. The estimated initial public offering price is expected to be $5.00 per share. The selling shareholders (as defined herein) is offering 1,944,784 Ordinary Shares to be sold in the offering pursuant to the Resale Prospectus. We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Ordinary Shares to be sold by the selling shareholders. Currently, no public market exists for our Ordinary Shares. We have applied to list our Ordinary Shares listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or Nasdaq, under the symbol “VRAX”. We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in listing our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq; however, we will not complete this offering unless we are so listed.

We are both an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” as defined under the U.S. federal securities laws and, as such, may elect to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements for this and future filings. See “Prospectus Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer” for additional information. Investors are cautioned that you are buying shares of a shell company issuer incorporated in the Cayman Islands with operating subsidiaries in Singapore, China, Hong Kong and British Virgin Islands, investors will not hold direct equity investments in our China and Hong Kong operating subsidiaries. Our ordinary shares offered in this prospectus are shares of our Cayman Islands holding company.

We will not be a “controlled company” under the NASDAQ Stock Market Rules post public offering.

Investing in our Ordinary Shares is highly speculative and involves a significant degree of risk. Virax Biolabs Group Limited, which we refer to as Virax Cayman, is a holding company incorporated in Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, Virax Cayman conduct a substantial majority of our sales and trading activities through our operating entity established in Singapore, Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited, which we refer to as SingaporeCo. Currently, Virax Cayman indirectly owns 95.65% of the equity interests in SingaporeCo. However, some of Virax Cayman’s operations are currently conducted through our operating entities established in the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong and Shanghai, primarily, Logico Bioproducts Corp., Virax Immune T-Cell Medical Device Company Limited and Shanghai Xitu Consulting Co., Limited, which we refer to as Logico BVI, Virax Immune T-Cell and Shanghai Xitu, respectively. Our ordinary shares offered in this prospectus are shares of our Cayman Islands holding company.

Recent statements by the Chinese government have indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in China based issuers. Any future action by the Chinese government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to government review could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and could cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. We are not subject to these regulatory actions or statements, as we do not have a variable interest entity structure and our business does not involve the collection of user data, implicate cybersecurity, or involve any other type of restricted industry. Because these statements and regulatory actions are new, however, it is highly uncertain how soon legislative or administrative regulation making bodies in China will respond to them, or what existing or new laws or regulations will be modified or promulgated, if any, or the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on our daily business operations or our ability to accept foreign investments and list on an U.S. exchange.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. In accordance with the HFCA Act, trading in securities of any registrant on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States may be prohibited if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate the registrant’s auditor for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, and, as a result, an exchange may determine to delist the securities of such registrant. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period before our securities may be prohibited from trading or delisted if our auditor is unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement. Pursuant to the HFCA Act, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report on December 16, 2021 which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. In addition, the PCAOB’s report identified the specific registered public accounting firms which are subject to these determinations. Our registered public accounting firm, BF Borgers CPA PC, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in this report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the PCAOB is not able to fully conduct inspections of our auditor’s work papers in China, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection which could result in limitation or restriction to our access to the U.S. capital markets and trading of our securities may be prohibited under the HFCA Act. See “Risk Factor — Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from being traded on a national exchange under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors for three consecutive years beginning in 2021. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Our registered public accounting firm, BF Borgers CPA PC, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in the PACOB’s Determination Report on December 16, 2021 as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination.”

Within the organization, investor cash inflows have all been received by Virax Cayman. Cash to fund Virax Cayman’s operations is transferred from Virax Cayman down through our Singapore, Hong Kong, BVI entities and then into our Chinese entity through capital contributions and loans. However, the PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China, and investment in Chinese companies, which are governed by the Foreign Investment Law and Company Law, and the dividends and distributions from Shanghai Xitu is subject to relevant regulations and restrictions on dividends and payment to parties outside of China. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China and Hong Kong — PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using part of the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business” and “Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively” for more information on the risk of PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion with respect to part of the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary and restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively with respect to our operations. Transfers among our Singapore and Hong Kong entities are not restricted under Singapore and Hong Kong Laws. No dividends or distribution have been made by our subsidiaries or by Virax Cayman to date and we intend to reinvest all cash into our subsidiaries for the foreseeable future. For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 and for the six months ended September 30, 2021, there was no transfer between Virax Cayman and its subsidiaries.

Before buying any shares, you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in our Ordinary Shares in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 21 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

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(1)The underwriter, Boustead Securities, LLC, will receive compensation in addition to the discounts and commissions. We have agreed to issue Underwriter Warrants to the underwriter as a portion of the underwriting compensation payable to the underwriter in connection with this offering. For a description of compensation payable to the underwriter, see “Underwriting” beginning on page 168.

(2)          Does not include a non-accountable expense allowance equal to 0.75% of the gross proceeds of this offering, payable to the underwriter, or the reimbursement of certain expenses of the underwriter. For a description of other terms of compensation to be received by the underwriter, see “Underwriting” beginning on page 168.

We expect our total cash expenses for this offering (including cash expenses payable to our underwriters for their out-of-pocket expenses) to be approximately $171,275, exclusive of the above discounts and commissions. In addition, we will pay additional items of value in connection with this offering that are viewed by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, as underwriting compensation. These payments will further reduce proceeds available to us before expenses. See “Underwriting.”

This offering is being conducted on a firm commitment basis. The underwriters are obligated to take and pay for all of the shares if any such shares are taken. We have granted the underwriters an option for a period of forty-five (45) days after the closing of this offering to purchase up to 15% of the total number of our Ordinary Shares to be offered by us pursuant to this offering (excluding shares subject to this option), solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discounts and commissions. If the Underwriter exercises the option in full, the total underwriting discounts and commissions payable will be $621,000 based on an assumed initial public offering price of $5.00 per Ordinary Shares, and the total proceeds to us, before expenses, will be $7,141,500. If we complete this offering, net proceeds will be delivered to us on the closing date.

The underwriters expect to deliver the Ordinary Shares against payment as set forth under “Underwriting”, on or about               , 2022.

BOUSTEAD SECURITIES, LLC

The date of this prospectus is            , 2022.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. We have not, and the underwriters have not, authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we and the underwriters take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell our Ordinary Shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or the sale of any Ordinary Shares.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we, the selling shareholders, nor the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than the United States, where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the Ordinary Shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands and a majority of our outstanding securities are owned by non-U.S. residents. Under the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, we currently qualify for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we will not be required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Until and including             , 2022 (twenty-five (25) days after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade our Ordinary Shares, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This delivery requirement is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

RISK FACTORS

An investment in our Ordinary Shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following information about these risks, together with the other information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our Ordinary Shares. The occurrence of any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects. In these circumstances, the market price of our Ordinary Shares could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have limited operating history, have incurred operating losses for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may not generate sufficient revenue or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it. Therefore, it is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the financial performance of the Group due to the change in our business focus since 2020 as our commercialized brands are ViraxClear and ViraxCare, which have been put into market since 2020.

Biotechnology product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects. We commenced operations in 2013, and to date, we have focused primarily on organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, performing research and development activities on our Virax branded products, primarily the development of Virax Immune products and its mobile application, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, and conducting clinical trials. Prior to the introduction of Virax branded products in 2020, the Group was engaged in the FMCG importation business into the PRC. We began to roll out sales of our Virax branded products since 2020. As a result, it is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the financial performance of the Group due to the change in our business focus since 2020 as our commercialized brands are ViraxClear and ViraxCare, which have been put into market since 2020. Consequently, any predictions made about our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a history of successfully developing and commercializing products.

We have incurred operating losses since we began sales of our Virax branded products. If our primarily product candidate is not successfully commercialized, namely, Virax Immune, we may not generate further revenue. Our net losses were $672,915 and $739,464 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $575,040 and $389,581 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit $4,628,139. Substantially all of our losses have resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations. Virax Immune products will require additional development time and resources before we would be begin generating revenue from product sales. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future, and we anticipate these losses will increase substantially as we conduct our ongoing and further preclinical studies and clinical trials for our Virax Immune products, the development of Virax Immune’s mobile application, continue our research and development activities, potential mergers and acquisitions of companies and/or patents, and seek obtain product certification approvals in the territories we have identified, as well as hire additional personnel, obtain and protect our intellectual property and incur additional costs for commercialization or to expand our pipeline of product candidates.

To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products that generate sufficient revenue. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining product certification approvals in the territories we have identified and manufacturing, marketing and selling any products for which we obtained product certification approvals. We expect to submit our new T-Cell IVD test kit under the name Virax Immune for regulatory approval in 2022. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenues that are sufficient enough to achieve profitability. In addition, we have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome many of the risks and uncertainties frequently encountered by companies in new and rapidly evolving fields, particularly in the biotechnology industry. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biotechnology product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress

the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product candidates or even continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

We expect to make significant investments with respect to our gross income in our continued research and development of new products and services, which may not be successful.

We are seeking to build upon our existing R&D to develop a pipeline of T-Cell testing IVD kits and medical devices that are effective in the diagnosis of major viral threats, including, but not limited to COVID-19. For example, we are developing our Virax Immune, a Covid test seeking detection of T-Cell immune responses to the SARS-Cov-2, that are useful for determining inherent protection against the virus and also useful in determining the degree of long-term protection after recovery from COVID-19.

Developing new products and services is a speculative and risky endeavor. Products or services that initially show promise may fail to achieve the desired results or may not achieve acceptable levels of analytical accuracy or clinical utility. We may need to alter our products in development and repeat clinical studies before we identify a potentially successful product or service. Product development is expensive, may take years to complete and can have uncertain outcomes. Failure can occur at any stage of the development. If, after development, a product or service appears successful, we or our partners may, depending on the nature of the product or service, still need to obtain regulatory clearances, authorizations or approvals before we can market it. The regulatory clearance, authorization or approval pathways are likely to involve significant time, as well as additional research, development and clinical study expenditures. The regulatory authorities may not clear, authorize or approve any future product or service we develop. Even if we develop a product or service that receives regulatory clearance, authorization or approval, we or our partners would need to commit substantial resources to commercialize, sell and market it before it could be profitable, and the product or service may never be commercially successful. Additionally, development of any product or service may be disrupted or made less viable by the development of competing products or services.

New potential products and services may fail at any stage of development or commercialization and if we determine that any of our current or future products or services are unlikely to succeed, we may abandon them without any return on our investment. If we are unsuccessful in developing additional products or services, our potential for growth may be impaired, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

If we are not successful in leveraging Virax Immune platform to discover, develop and commercialize additional products and services, our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired.

A key element of our strategy is to leverage our Virax Immune platform to discover, develop and potentially commercialize additional products and services through synergy with our T-Cell testing kits and Virax Immune Mobile App. If we are unable to generate compelling evidence supporting our T-Cell test results, our platform may face a broader obstacle to using our diagnostics data for commercially viable products and services.

Identifying new products and services requires substantial technical, financial and human resources, whether or not any products or services are ultimately developed or commercialized. We may pursue what we believe is a promising opportunity to leverage our platform only to discover that certain of our risk or resource allocation decisions were incorrect or insufficient, or that individual products, services or our science in general has technology or biology risks that were previously unknown or underappreciated. Our strategy of pursuing the value of our diagnostics platform over a long time horizon and developing relevant technological products with synergy may not be effective. In the event material decisions in any of these areas turn out to be incorrect or sub-optimal, we may experience a material adverse impact on our business and ability to fund our operations and we may never realize what we believe is the potential of our in-vitro diagnostics platform.

Our efforts to develop T-Cell In-Vitro Diagnostic Test may not be successful, and it may not yield the insights we expect at all or on a timetable that allows us to develop or commercialize any new diagnostic products.

We are currently developing a new COVID-19 test seeking detection of T-Cell immune responses to the SARS-Cov2-virus named Virax Immune. T-Cells are responsible for part of the immune response to the coronavirus; they identify the virus, bind to it and alert the rest of the immune system to its presence, coordinating the immune cells against the viral attack.

Virax Immune may not yield clinically actionable insights on a timetable that is commercially viable, or at all. Our initial goal is to leverage the Virax Immune in connection with ViraxClear to enable early or accurate detection of COVID-19. We have confirmed clinical signals for SARS-CoV-2. If our computational modeling and machine learning efforts do not accelerate the pace at which we can validate our diagnostic method, the timetable for our business model may not be commercially viable. Even if we can accelerate this timeline, our products and services derived from our novel technologies may have product or service level errors. If we are unable to make meaningful progress in our technology and successfully use it to develop and commercialize new diagnostic products or services, our business and results of operations will suffer.

If we are not successful in obtaining regulatory approvals for our Virax Immune products, we may not be able to commercialize our products in the expected timeframe or at all, and our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired.

Currently, we are developing a T-Cell IVD test kit under the Virax Immune brand for COVID-19 initially, which we subsequently intend to adapt for immunological profiling against multiple viral threats. We consider the United States as a target market with significant potential for our T-Cell IVD test kit. For example, in the United States, the FDA regulates the sale or distribution of medical devices, including but not limited to, IVD test kits. IVD products are subject to regulation by the FDA as medical devices to the extent that they are intended for use in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of disease or other conditions. They are subject to premarket review and post market controls which will differ depending on how the FDA classifies a specific IVD.

The information that must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes depending on the controls deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are subject to general controls, including labeling requirements, and adherence to the FDA’s quality system regulations, or QSRs, which are device-specific current good manufacturing practices. Class II devices are subject to premarket notification, QSRs, general controls and sometimes special controls, including performance standards and post-market surveillance. Class III devices are subject to most of the previously identified requirements as well as to pre-market approval. Class I devices are exempt from premarket review; most Class II devices require 510(k) clearance, and all Class III devices must receive premarket approval before they can be sold in the United States.

A 510(k) premarket notification requires the sponsor to demonstrate that a medical device is substantially equivalent to another marketed device, termed a “predicate device,” that is legally marketed in the United States and for which a premarket approval was not required. A device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device if it has the same intended use and technological characteristics as the predicate; or has the same intended use but different technological characteristics, where the information submitted to the FDA does not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness and demonstrates that the device is at least as safe and effective as the legally marketed device.

A Premarket Approval process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. A PMA must be supported by more detailed and comprehensive scientific evidence, including clinical data, to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the medical device for its intended purpose. If the device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the sponsor may not begin a clinical trial until it submits an investigational device exemption (IDE) to the FDA and obtains approval to begin the trial.

Should we fail to obtain the necessary FDA’s or the relevant regulatory authority’s approval, for example, to demonstrate to the FDA or the relevant regulatory authority’s satisfaction that our T-Cell IVD test kits are safe and effective, we may not be able to commercialize our Virax Immune product and/or platform in the expected timeframe or at all, and our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired.

We will face significant challenges in successfully commercializing our products, particularly in new markets.

We have set up our existing sales and marketing infrastructure through the ViraxCare and ViraxClear brands. We plan to establish our own sales and marketing capabilities and promote our product candidates if and when regulatory approval has been obtained in the United Kingdom, European Union and North America, and to expand to other markets as well. In order to successfully commercialize our products in these new markets, we require appropriate infrastructure such as information technology, enterprise resource planning and forecasting. At the moment, we have entered into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. However, even if we establish sales and

marketing capabilities, we may fail to launch our products effectively or to market our products effectively. Recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and costs of creating an independent sales and marketing organization and of marketing and promotion could be above what we anticipate. In addition, recruiting and training a sales force is time consuming and could delay any product launch. In the event that any such launch is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales and marketing services, our product revenues or the profitability of these product revenues to us could be lower than if we were to market and sell any products that we develop ourselves. Such collaborative arrangements may place the commercialization of our products outside of our control and would make us subject to a number of risks including that we may not be able to control the amount or timing of resources that our collaborative partner devotes to our products or that our collaborator’s willingness or ability to complete its obligations, and our obligations under our arrangements may be adversely affected by business combinations or significant changes in our collaborator’s business strategy. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to sell and market our products or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. Acceptable third parties may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively.

If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities in new markets successfully in our targeted expansion regions or countries, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we may not be successful in commercializing our products, which in turn would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on the market acceptance and increased demand of our products by hospitals, governments and public health departments, as well as physicians others in the medical community, and the growing proportion of the population who are interested in taking personal charge over their health and wellbeing.

Our future success depends on our products gaining sufficient market acceptance by hospitals, public health departments and consumer groups interested in their health and wellbeing. If our products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by such customer groups, we may not generate enough revenue to become profitable. For example, the degree of market acceptance of our T-Cell in-vitro diagnostics product will depend on a number of factors, including:

•        clinical guidelines relative to the screening for, and diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19;

•        the efficacy and potential advantages of our T-Cell in-vitro diagnostics test over alternative tests;

•        the willingness of our target customers to accept and adopt our products;

•        the availability of reimbursement, or other funding mechanisms to pay for our products;

•        the ability to offer attractive pricing for our products;

•        the strength of marketing and distribution support and the timing of market introduction of competitive products;

•        the ability to offer automation solutions that meet customer needs; and

•        outcomes from clinical studies and other publicity concerning our products or competing products.

Our efforts to educate physicians and other members of the medical community on the benefits of our products may require significant resources and may never be successful. Such efforts to educate the marketplace may require more resources than are required by conventional technologies marketed by our competitors. In particular, continuing to gain market acceptance for our products in nascent markets could be challenging. In certain markets, including, for example Canada and United States, our potential for future growth is difficult to forecast. If we were to incorrectly forecast our ability to penetrate these markets, expenditures that we make may not result in the benefits that we expect, which could harm our results of operations. Additionally, if we lose any of our customers due to significant delays in our ability to obtain re-registration of our T-Cell IVD test in our initial target markets, our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In the event that our products are the subject of guidelines, clinical studies or scientific publications that are unhelpful or damaging, or otherwise call into question the benefits of our products, we may have difficulty in convincing prospective customers to adopt our test. Moreover, the perception by the investment community or shareholders that recommendations, guidelines or studies will result in decreased use of our products could adversely affect the prevailing market price for our Ordinary Shares. Similar challenges apply to all of the products in our pipeline.

The success of some of our products partially depends on the continued demand for diagnostic and products linked to COVID-19 and other major viral diseases.

Even if we achieve market acceptance, our success will partially depend on continued demand for diagnostic products for COVID-19. COVID-19 screening policies could change such that tests are conducted less frequently or in fewer instances. For example, healthcare institutions facing increased cost control requirements could determine to reduce employee testing. In addition, various institutions or governing bodies may decide that the incidence of COVID-19 has dropped sufficiently in the future within their screening population so as to permit reduced testing. Changes to immigration policies and policies relating to resettlement of refugees, as well as other policy changes may substantially reduce testing in the markets we serve and could have a material and adverse effect on our business. In order to reduce our dependency on continued demand for diagnostic products in relation to COVID-19, we are developing our technology to focus on other major viral threats, however, we cannot be sure whether such developments can be successful. If we fail to develop our technology to easily adapt to new variants of coronavirus or potential new viral threats, it may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The success of our proprietary technology T-Cell testing requires us to proceed through clinical and validation studies successfully which is not guaranteed.

In order for our proprietary technology T-Cell IVD test to be successful, we are required to proceed through further clinical and validation studies, which is not guaranteed. Clinical testing or validation is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time and may adversely affect our operations and finances should the there be a prolonged process of clinical and validation studies.

New market opportunities may not develop as quickly as we expect, limiting our ability to market and sell our products successfully.

We intend to take steps to continue to increase the presence of our products in markets both in the target markets and in the wider international market including EU, United States and Canada. We intend to expand our sales force globally and establish additional distributor relationships outside of our direct markets to better access international markets. We believe these opportunities will take substantial time to develop or mature, however, and we cannot be certain that these market opportunities will develop as we expect. The future growth and success of our products in these markets depends on many factors beyond our control, including recognition and acceptance by the scientific community in that market and the prevalence and costs of competing methods of tuberculosis screening. If the markets for our products do not develop as we expect, our business may be adversely affected.

We do not have in place any supply contracts with two of our key suppliers, and any disruptions from such key suppliers could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As at the date of the prospectus, HKco has an exclusive distribution agreement with one of our key suppliers, Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co., Ltd, but our Group does not have any formal contracts or agreements with two of our key suppliers. If we fail to maintain our relationships with those two key suppliers, or fail to secure additional supply sources from other similar suppliers that meet our quality, quantity and cost requirements in a timely manner, we may be unable to obtain the products that we will require and/or such parts may be available only at a higher cost or after a long delay. We may be unable to identify new suppliers in a timely manner and materials and components from new suppliers may also be less suited for our needs and/or have higher quality control failure rates. Any of these factors could cause delays which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers or, in many cases, single suppliers, for laboratory equipment and materials and may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers.

Our Group rely on a limited number of suppliers, or in many cases single suppliers, to provide certain sequencers and equipment that we use in our laboratory operations, as well as reagents and other laboratory materials for our products and services. An interruption in our laboratory operations, kit distribution or technology transfer could occur if we encounter delays, quality issues or other difficulties in securing these sequencers, equipment, reagents or other materials, and if we cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. We are in the process of testing multiple sources of reagents and test complaints from different sources for their validity within the test processes we are developing in order to reduce the chance of such occurrences, however we cannot guarantee such occurrences will not happen. In addition, we would likely be required to incur significant costs and devote significant efforts to find new suppliers, acquire and qualify new equipment, validate new reagents and revalidate aspects of our existing assays, which may cause delays in our processing of samples or development and commercialization of products and services. Any such interruption could significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. Internal changes in processes or compositions of our reagents or other materials may also require validation efforts by us and supply of new materials from our suppliers which could impact timing of production and levels of inventory while such changes are being implemented. Further, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the overall demand for supplies and equipment used in vaccine development and distribution or other public health or disease prevention initiatives, such as Hamilton tips and freezers, may continue to increase lead times for purchased supplies and equipment, thus potentially lowering our production capacity. Combined with lowered production capacity, any significantly increased demand for new products or services such as T-Cell IVD test may affect our ability to fulfill orders, resulting in a material adverse effect on volume or revenue.

Our suppliers may experience development or manufacturing problems or delays that could limit the growth of our revenue or increase our losses.

Our suppliers may encounter unforeseen situations in the manufacturing of our products that would result in delays or shortfalls in our production. In addition, our suppliers’ production processes and assembly methods may have to change to accommodate any significant future expansion, which may increase our suppliers’ manufacturing costs, delay production of our product, reduce our product margin and adversely impact our business. If our suppliers are unable to keep up with demand for our product by successfully manufacturing and shipping our product in a timely manner, our revenue could be impaired, market acceptance for our product could be adversely affected and our customers might instead purchase our competitors’ products. In addition, developing manufacturing procedures for new products would require developing specific production processes for those products. Developing such processes could be time consuming, and any unexpected difficulty in doing so can delay the introduction of a product.

We have a significant customer concentration, with a limited number of customers accounting for a large portion or all of our revenues.

Our Group derives a large portion or all of our revenues from a few major customers. For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, five customers and three customers accounted for approximately 98% and 100% of the Group’s total sales, respectively. For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, no customer and one customer accounted for 0% and 100% (unaudited) of the Group’s sales, respectively. There are inherent risks whenever a large percentage of the total revenue is concentrated with a few customers. It is not possible for us to predict the future level of demand for our products that will be generated by these customers or the future demand for our products by these customers. If any of these customers’ demands decline or delayed demands due to market, economic or competitive conditions, we could be pressured to reduce our prices, which could have an adverse effect on our financial position, and could negatively affect our revenues and results of operations. If any of our largest customers terminate the purchase of our products, such termination would materially negatively affect our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely impact portions of our business that rely on research and development activities or clinical trials and delay or disrupt our pipeline, which may adversely impact revenue.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our business with respect to research and development and clinical trials will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the ultimate geographic spread of the disease, vaccine distribution, variants of the virus, the

duration of the outbreak, travel restrictions and social distancing in countries, business closures or business disruptions, and the effectiveness of actions taken countries to contain and treat the disease. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread around the globe, we will likely experience disruptions that could severely impact our business with respect to research and development and clinical trials, including:

•        delays or difficulties in enrolling patients or maintaining scheduled study visits in our clinical trials;

•        delays or difficulties in clinical site initiation, including difficulties in recruiting clinical site investigators and clinical site staff;

•        delays or difficulties in recruiting study participants that fit the criteria necessary for the specific experimental groups required.

•        interruption of key clinical trial activities, such as clinical trial site monitoring, due to limitations on travel imposed or recommended by governments, employers and others;

•        limitations in employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the conduct of our business with respect to research and development or clinical trials, including due to illness of our employees or their families, an increase in childcare responsibilities for certain employees, the desire of our employees to avoid close contact or contact with large groups of people or as a result of the governmental imposition of stay at home orders or similar working restrictions;

•        delays in receiving approval from local regulatory authorities to initiate our planned clinical trials;

•        delays in clinical sites receiving the supplies and materials needed to conduct clinical trials;

•        interruption in global shipping that may affect the transport of clinical trial materials;

•        changes in local regulations as part of a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may require us to change the ways in which our clinical trials are conducted, which may result in unexpected costs, or discontinuing clinical trials altogether; and

•        delays in necessary interactions with local regulators, ethics committees and other important agencies and contractors due to limitations in employee resources or forced furlough of government employees.

In addition, regulatory milestones represent a substantial part of our business strategy and are a key component of development revenue. The disruptions set forth above may materially affect our ability to achieve regulatory milestones, resulting in delays in our clinical pipeline and a material adverse effect on revenues.

Our efforts to discover and develop products and services related to COVID-19 and major viral threats, namely Virax Immune products, may not be successful from either a platform extension or commercialization perspective.

We are attempting to develop a T-Cell IVD test under the Virax Immune brand for major viral threats. Initially, one of the T-Cell tests will include COVID-19. Currently, we have developed a functioning prototype of T-Cell IVD Test but we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any T-Cell IVD Test to any regulatory agency for approval. While we believe quantifying virus-specific T-cells may provide important research and diagnostic advantages because T-cells persist in the immune system later than antibodies, the data upon which such belief is based is limited and our analyses are preliminary. As we continue to collect and analyze additional data, we may find that our initial hypotheses are not applicable to some major viral diseases, new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or are not supported by a larger data set or further analysis. If our beliefs regarding the effectiveness of T-Cells in-vitro diagnostics tests are incorrect, that could have a material adverse effect on the market for T-Cells in-vitro diagnostics tests, our revenue, reputation, financial condition, and our stock price would be adversely impacted.

Our efforts to further develop and commercialize T-Cells diagnostics tests and neutralizing antibodies for major viral diseases and COVID-19 involve a high degree of risk, and our efforts may fail for many reasons, including:

•        failure of our products to be effective against major viral diseases and new variants of COVID-19;

•        failure of our T-Cells diagnostics tests to detect major viral diseases and COVID-19 as expected, including defects and errors;

•        lack of validation data, particularly as new major viral diseases and new variants of COVID-19 arise;

•        failure to demonstrate the analytical accuracy or clinical utility of diagnostic tests;

•        failure to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals or clearances; or

•        commercial disruption caused by the development of competing products or services.

Additionally, there can be no assurances as to the commercial success of T-Cell in-vitro diagnostics tests for major viral disease or COVID-19. Our investments in the discovery and development of products and services related to major viral disease or COVID-19 may not be accretive to our future financial results and if we determine that any product or service is unlikely to succeed, we may abandon them without any return on our investment.

We may be liable for improper collection, use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers.

We collect certain personal data from our customers in target markets in connection with our business and operations, and we may expand our collection of data into areas including genetic data. Our collection of customer data is subject to various regulatory requirements relating to the security and privacy of data in various jurisdictions. Regulatory requirements regarding the protection of data are constantly evolving and can be subject to different interpretations or significant change, making the extent of our responsibilities in that regard uncertain.

In Europe, Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of October 24, 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, or the Directive, and Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 12, 2002 concerning the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector (as amended by Directive 2009/136/EC), or the e-Privacy-Directive, have required the European Union, or EU member states, to implement data protection laws to meet strict privacy requirements. Violations of these requirements can result in administrative measures, including fines, or criminal sanctions. The e-Privacy Directive will likely be replaced in time by a new e-Privacy Regulation which may impose additional obligations and risk for our business.

Beginning on May 25, 2018, the Directive was replaced by Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 27, 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, or the GDPR. The GDPR imposes a broad range of strict requirements on companies subject to the GDPR, such as us, including requirements relating to having legal bases for processing personal information relating to identifiable individuals and transferring such information outside the European Economic Area, or the EEA, including to the United States, providing details to those individuals regarding the processing of their personal information, keeping personal information secure, having data processing agreements with third parties who process personal information, responding to individuals’ requests to exercise their rights in respect of their personal information, reporting security breaches involving personal data to the competent national data protection authority and affected individuals, appointing data protection officers, conducting data protection impact assessments, and record-keeping. The GDPR substantially increases the penalties to which we could be subject in the event of any non-compliance, including fines of up to 10,000,000 Euros or up to 2% of our total worldwide annual turnover for certain comparatively minor offenses, or up to 20,000,000 Euros or up to 4% of our total worldwide annual turnover for more serious offenses. We face uncertainty as to the exact interpretation of the requirements under the GDPR, and we may be unsuccessful in implementing all measures required by data protection authorities or courts in interpretation of the GDPR.

In particular, national laws of member states of the EU are in the process of being adapted to the requirements under the GDPR, thereby implementing national laws which may partially deviate from the GDPR and impose different obligations from country to country, so that we do not expect to operate in a uniform legal landscape in the EU. In the future, should we collect any genetic data for in connection with our business and operations, our operations may also be subject to the GDPR, which specifically allows national laws to impose additional and more specific requirements or restrictions, and European laws have historically differed quite substantially in this field, leading to additional uncertainty.

We expect that we will continue to face uncertainty as to whether our efforts to comply with our obligations under European privacy laws will be sufficient. If we are investigated by a European data protection authority, we may face fines and other penalties. Any such investigation or charges by European data protection authorities could have a negative effect on our existing business and on our ability to attract and retain new clients or pharmaceutical partners. We may also experience hesitancy, reluctance, or refusal by European or multi-national clients or pharmaceutical partners to continue to use our products and solutions due to the potential risk exposure as a result of the current (and,

in particular, future) data protection obligations imposed on them by certain data protection authorities in interpretation of current law, including the GDPR. Such clients or pharmaceutical partners may also view any alternative approaches to compliance as being too costly, too burdensome, too legally uncertain, or otherwise objectionable and therefore decide not to do business with us. Any of the foregoing could materially harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

In Singapore, under the Personal Data Protection Act 2012 (the “PDPA”), we are required to, among others, notify individuals of the purposes for the collection, use or disclosure of their personal data prior to such collection, and to also disclose and obtain the consent of individuals during the collection, use or disclosure of their personal data.

A part of our operations are also carried out in China and a portion of the data and personal information we collected will need to be stored in China where relevant to ensure compliance with PRC laws. We do not hold personal information of more than one million users and we believe that this offering is not subject to PRC cybersecurity review. In addition, as of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any notice of and is not currently subject to any proceedings initiated by the CAC or any other PRC regulatory authority. In addition, we may be subject to heightened regulatory scrutiny from PRC governmental authorities in the future. As there remains significant uncertainty in the interpretation and enforcement of the Data Security Law and the PIPL, we cannot assure you that we will comply with such regulations in all respects. Any non-compliance with these laws and regulations may subject us to fines, orders to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities, other penalties, including but not limited to reputational damage or legal proceedings against us, which may affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We may expand our operations into the Canadian market in the near future. Organizations operating in Canada and covered by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (“PIPEDA”), or equivalent Canadian provincial laws, must obtain an individual’s consent when they collect, use or disclose that individual’s personal information. Individuals have the right to access and challenge the accuracy of their personal information held by an organization, and personal information may only be used for the purposes for which it was collected. If an organization intends to use personal information for another purpose, it must again obtain that individual’s consent.

The in-vitro diagnostics industry is subject to rapid change, which could make our diagnostics platform and related products and services that we develop obsolete.

Our industry is characterized by rapid changes, including technological and scientific breakthroughs, frequent new product and service introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards, all of which could make our current and future products and services obsolete. Our future success will depend on our ability to keep pace with the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis and to pursue new market opportunities that develop as a result of scientific and technological advances. In recent years, there have been numerous advances in technologies relating to the diagnosis and treatment of viral diseases, in particular COVID-19. There have also been advances in technologies used to computationally analyze very large amounts of biologic information. If we do not update our products and services to reflect new scientific knowledge about diagnostics technology, software development, our products and services could become obsolete and sales of our current products and services and any future products and services we develop based on our diagnostics platform could decline or fail to grow as expected.

Our business could suffer if we lose the services of, or are unable to attract and retain, key members of our senior management, key advisors or other personnel.

We are dependent upon the continued services of key members of our senior management and a limited number of key advisors and personnel. In particular, we are highly dependent on the skills and leadership of Mr. James Foster, and the other members of management. The loss of any one of these individuals, without adequate time to find a suitable replacement, could disrupt our operations or our strategic plans. Additionally, our future success will depend on, among other things, our ability to continue to hire and retain the necessary qualified scientific, technical, sales, marketing and managerial personnel, for whom we compete with numerous other companies, academic institutions and organizations. The loss of members of our management team, key advisors or personnel, or our inability to attract or retain other qualified personnel or advisors, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Although all members of our senior management team have entered into agreements that restrict their ability to compete with us for a period of time after the end of their employment, we may be unable to enforce such restrictive covenants at all or for a sufficient duration of time to prevent members of our management team from competing with us.

We depend on our information technology systems and any failure of these systems could harm our business.

We depend on information technology and telecommunications systems, including third-party cloud computing infrastructure, operating systems and artificial intelligence platforms, for significant elements of our operations, including our products research and development and e-commerce platform development. We also depend on our proprietary workflow software to support new product and service launches and regulatory compliance.

We use complex software processes and pipelines to manage samples and evaluate the resulting data. These are subject to initial design or ongoing modifications which may result in unanticipated issues that could cause variability in patient results, leading to service disruptions or errors, resulting in liability.

We have installed, and expect to expand, a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including systems handling human resources, financial controls and reporting, contract management, regulatory compliance and other infrastructure operations. In addition to these business systems, we have installed, and intend to extend, the capabilities of both our preventative and detective security controls by augmenting the monitoring and alerting functions, the network design and the automatic countermeasure operations of our technical systems. These information technology and telecommunications systems support a variety of functions, including laboratory operations, test validation, sample tracking, quality control, customer service support, billing and reimbursement, research and development activities, scientific and medical curation and general administrative activities. In addition, our third-party billing and collections provider depends upon technology and telecommunications systems provided by outside vendors.

Information technology and telecommunications systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts (such as ransomware) and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect our information technology and telecommunications systems, failures or significant downtime of these systems or those used by our partners or subcontractors could prevent us from conducting our diagnostic products development, preparing and providing reports to researchers, clinicians and our partners, billing payors, handling enquiries, conducting research and development activities and managing the administrative aspects of our business. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business and our reputation, and we may be unable to regain or repair our reputation in the future.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, specifically the coronavirus, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in various countries. Recently, there was an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) in China, which has spread rapidly to several parts of the world. COVID-19 has resulted in quarantines, travel restrictions, and the temporary closure of stores and facilities throughout China and several other parts of the world. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.

Consequently, our results of operations may be adversely, and may be materially, affected, to the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic or any other epidemic harms the global economy in general and in particular the locations of our workforce or revenue generating regions. Any potential impact to our results will depend on, to a large extent, future developments and new information that may emerge regarding the duration and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and the actions taken by government authorities and other entities to contain the COVID-19 pandemic or treat its impact, almost all of which are beyond our control. Many regions and countries across the world continue to experience significant outbreaks with some regions and countries where business and travel had been reopening now shutting down again in response to new outbreaks. The COVID-19 outbreak has also been seasonal in nature such that it may worsen on an annual basis during the winter months across the world causing disruption to business locally and internationally during the winter months on an annual basis. The extent of the disruption to businesses locally and internationally and the resulting financial impact that has already occurred and that may continue to occur cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. Current and potential impacts on our Group include, but are not limited to, the following:

•         We temporarily closed our Shanghai office and implemented a work-from-home policy in February 2020 initially, as required by relevant regulatory authorities. We reopened our Shanghai office in April 2020. We temporarily closed our Shanghai office in March 2022. as further required by relevant regulatory authorities;

•        Due to the nature of our business, the impact of the closures on our operational capabilities was insignificant, as most of our work force continued working offsite during such office closures;

•        Our customers could potentially be negatively impacted by COVID-19 and the situation may worsen if the COVID-19 pandemic continues, which may cause us to experience significant late payments. We have not yet experienced significant late payments from our customers, but we may if the situation worsens. We will continue to closely monitor our payment collections throughout 2022 and beyond; and

•        Our overall revenue, gross profit and net income may be negatively impacted for the first half of 2022.

Notwithstanding the foregoing possible negative impacts on our business and results of operations, up until now, we do not believe our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations have been materially negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic and related shutdowns. Given the nature of our business, the COVID-19 pandemic has improved our business operations, financial condition and operating results for years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. Our revenue for years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was $123,820 and $99,876, respectively. However, because of the uncertainties surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and regulations and restrictions imposed by local authorities, our operations for the fiscal year 2022 may still be adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and there is no guarantee that our total revenues for the fiscal year 2022 will grow or remain at a similar level compared to the fiscal year.

In general, our business could be adversely affected by the effects of epidemics, including, but not limited to, COVID-19, avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the influenza A virus, Ebola virus, severe weather conditions such as a snowstorm, flood or hazardous air pollution, or other outbreaks. In response to an epidemic, severe weather conditions, or other outbreaks, government and other organizations may adopt regulations and policies that could lead to severe disruption to our daily operations, including temporary closure of our offices and other facilities. These severe conditions may cause us and/or our partners to make internal adjustments, including but not limited to, temporarily closing down business, limiting business hours, and setting restrictions on travel and/or visits with clients and partners for a prolonged period of time. Various impacts arising from severe conditions may cause business disruption, resulting in material, adverse impact to our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

If we are not able to adequately protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, and protect against third party claims that we are infringing on their intellectual property rights, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The value of our business depends in part on our ability to protect our intellectual property and information, including our patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and rights under agreements with third parties, in the United Kingdom and around the world, as well as our customer, employee, and customer data. Third parties may try to challenge our ownership of our intellectual property globally, the United Kingdom and around the world. In addition, intellectual property rights and protections in the United Kingdom may be insufficient to protect material intellectual property rights globally and the United Kingdom. Further, our business is subject to the risk of third parties counterfeiting our products or infringing on our intellectual property rights. The steps we have taken may not prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property. We may need to resort to litigation to protect our intellectual property rights, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources. If we fail to protect our proprietary intellectual property and information, including with respect to any successful challenge to our ownership of intellectual property or material infringements of our intellectual property, this failure could have a significant adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or if we are accused of infringing on the intellectual property rights of others, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

Our commercial success will depend in part on our success in obtaining and maintaining patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights in Europe and elsewhere and protecting our proprietary technology. If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and proprietary technology, competitors may be able to use our technologies or the goodwill we have acquired in the marketplace and erode or negate any competitive advantage we may have, which could harm our business and ability to achieve profitability.

We cannot be certain that patents will be issued or granted with respect to applications that are currently pending. As a biotechnology company our patent position is uncertain because it involves complex legal and factual considerations. The standards applied by the European Patent Office, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, and foreign patent offices in granting patents are not always applied uniformly or predictably. For example, there is no uniform worldwide policy regarding patentable subject matter or the scope of claims allowable in biotechnology patents. Consequently, patents may not issue from our pending patent applications. As such, we do not know the degree of future protection that we will have on our proprietary products and technology. The scope of patent protection that the European Patent Office and the USPTO will grant with respect to the antibodies in our antibodies product pipeline is uncertain. It is possible that the European Patent Office and the USPTO will not allow broad antibody claims that cover antibodies closely related to our product candidates as well as the specific antibody. As a result, upon receipt of European Medicines Agency or Food and Drug Administration approval, competitors may be free to market antibodies almost identical to ours, including biosimilar antibodies, thereby decreasing our market potential. However, a competitor cannot submit to the European Medicines Agency or Food and Drug Administration an application for a biosimilar product based on one of our products until four years following the date of approval of our “reference product,” and the European Medicines Agency or Food and Drug Administration may not approve such a biosimilar product until 12 years from the date on which the reference product was approved.

We cannot provide any assurances that any of our patents have, or that any of our pending patent applications that mature into issued patents will include, claims with a scope sufficient to protect our products, any additional features we develop for our products or any new products. Other parties may have developed technologies that may be related or competitive to our system, may have filed or may file patent applications and may have received or may receive patents that overlap or conflict with our patent applications, either by claiming the same methods or devices or by claiming subject matter that could dominate our patent position. Our patent position may involve complex legal and factual questions, and, therefore, the scope, validity and enforceability of any patent claims that we may obtain cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, deemed unenforceable, invalidated or circumvented. Proceedings challenging our patents could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such proceedings may be costly. Thus, any patents that we may own may not provide any protection against competitors. Furthermore, an adverse decision in an interference proceeding can result in a third party receiving the patent right sought by us, which in turn could affect our ability to commercialize our products.

Though an issued patent is presumed valid and enforceable, its issuance is not conclusive as to its validity or its enforceability and it may not provide us with adequate proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. Competitors could purchase our products and attempt to replicate some or all of the competitive advantages we derive from our development efforts, willfully infringe our intellectual property rights, design around our patents, or develop and obtain patent protection for more effective technologies, designs or methods. We may be unable to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge or trade secrets by consultants, suppliers, vendors, former employees and current employees.

Our ability to enforce our patent rights depends on our ability to detect infringement. It may be difficult to detect infringers who do not advertise the components that are used in their products. Moreover, it may be difficult or impossible to obtain evidence of infringement in a competitor’s or potential competitor’s product. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded if we were to prevail may not be commercially meaningful.

In addition, proceedings to enforce or defend our patents could put our patents at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Such proceedings could also provoke third parties to assert claims against us, including that some or all of the claims in one or more of our patents are invalid or otherwise unenforceable. If any of our patents covering our products are invalidated or found unenforceable, or if a court found that valid, enforceable patents held by third parties covered one or more of our products, our competitive position could be harmed or we could be required to incur significant expenses to enforce or defend our rights.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain, and we cannot ensure that:

•        any of our patents, or any of our pending patent applications, if issued, will include claims having a scope sufficient to protect our products;

•        any of our pending patent applications will be issued as patents;

•        we will be able to successfully commercialize our products on a substantial scale, if approved, before our relevant patents we may have expire;

•        we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our patents and pending patent applications;

•        we were the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

•        others will not develop similar or alternative technologies that do not infringe our patents; any of our patents will be found to ultimately be valid and enforceable;

•        any patents issued to us will provide a basis for an exclusive market for our commercially viable products, will provide us with any competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties;

•        we will develop additional proprietary technologies or products that are separately patentable; or

•        our commercial activities or products will not infringe upon the patents of others.

We rely, in part, upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors.

We intend to apply for patents in the United States, subject to approval from the relevant regulatory bodies. If we do not obtain protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments and similar non-U.S. legislation for extending the term of patents covering each of our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

We consider the United States as a target market with significant potential. In the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest U.S. non-provisional filing date. Various extensions may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if future patents covering our product candidates, their manufacture, or use are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive medications, including biosimilar medications. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, future patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our future owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

Depending upon the timing, duration and conditions of future FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our future U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Act and similar legislation in the European Union. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits a patent term extension of up to five years for a patent covering an approved product as compensation for effective patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. The patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. However, we may not receive an extension if we fail to apply within applicable deadlines, fail to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents or otherwise fail to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the length of the extension could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain future patent term extension or the term of any such extension is less than we request, the period during which we can enforce our future patent rights for that product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval to market competing products sooner than we expect. As a result, our revenue from applicable products could be reduced, possibly materially.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage and changes in patent laws or patent jurisprudence could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products.

The America Invents Act, or the AIA, has been enacted in the United States, resulting in significant changes to the U.S. patent system. An important change introduced by the AIA is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned to a “first-to-file” system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties claiming the same invention. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after that date but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by the third party. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application, but circumstances could prevent us from promptly filing patent applications on our inventions.

Among some of the other changes introduced by the AIA are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and providing opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. This applies to all of our U.S. patents, even those issued before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. The AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Any inability of us to protect our competitive advantage with regard to any of our product candidates may prevent us from successfully monetizing such product candidate and this could materially adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We enjoy only limited geographical protection with respect to certain patents and may face difficulties in certain jurisdictions, which may diminish the value of intellectual property rights in those jurisdictions.

International applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, are usually filed within twelve months after the priority filing. Based on the PCT filing, national and regional patent applications may be filed in additional jurisdictions where we believe our product candidates may be marketed. We have so far not filed for patent protection in all national and regional jurisdictions where such protection may be available. In addition, we may decide to abandon national and regional patent applications before grant. Finally, the grant proceeding of each national/regional patent is an independent proceeding which may lead to situations in which applications might in some jurisdictions be refused by the relevant patent offices, while granted by others. It is also quite common that depending on the country, the scope of patent protection may vary for the same product candidate or technology.

Competitors may use our and our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we and our licensors or collaboration partners have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States and the European Union. These products may compete with our product candidates, and our and our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

The laws of some jurisdictions do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws in the United States and the European Union, and companies have encountered significant difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in such jurisdictions. If we or our licensors encounter difficulties in protecting, or are otherwise precluded from effectively protecting, the intellectual property rights important for our business in such jurisdictions, the value of these rights may be diminished and we may face additional competition from others in those jurisdictions.

Some countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, some countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or any of our licensors is forced to grant a license to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Proceedings to enforce our and our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our and our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our and our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our and our licensors’ or collaboration partners’ patent applications at risk of

not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us or our licensors or collaboration partners. We or our licensors or collaboration partners may not prevail in any lawsuits that we or our licensors or collaboration partners initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful.

Failure to partially acquire the proprietary technology from a European Union based materials technology company could have an adverse effect on our planned results of operations for our Virax Immune brand and our business.

Although we entered into a non-binding letter of intent with a European Union based materials technology company (with no specific closing timeline as of the date of this prospectus) to potentially partially acquire one of their proprietary technologies, the Virax Immune brand’s future success is not dependent on our ability to partially acquire this proprietary technology as we believe that the adoption of their proprietary technology into our immune system testing technology for use at point-of-care or outside of a laboratory will only further complement the functionalities of our upcoming Virax Immune IVD T-Cell test kit in the future. However, if we fail to acquire or fail to adapt the necessary proprietary technology, our competitors may manufacture and market similar products, or dilute our brands, which could adversely affect our potential market share under the Virax Immune brand or delay the introduction of our future products under Virax Immune brand to the market in the long term, and thus, it could have a material adverse effect on our planned business, financial condition and results of operations.

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from selling our products or affect our stock price.

Our commercial success will depend in part on not infringing the patents or copyrights, or otherwise violating the other proprietary rights, of others. Significant litigation regarding patent rights and copyright rights occur in our industry. Our competitors around the Globe, many of which have substantially greater resources and have made substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, may have applied for or obtained or may in the future apply for and obtain, patents that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. We do not always conduct independent reviews of patents issued to third parties. In addition, patent applications in Europe and elsewhere can be pending for many years before issuance, or unintentionally abandoned patents or applications can be revived, so there may be applications of others now pending or recently revived patents of which we are unaware. These applications may later result in issued patents, or the revival of previously abandoned patents, that will prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. Third parties may, in the future, assert claims that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization, including claims from competitors or from non-practicing entities that have no relevant product revenue and against whom our own patent portfolio may have no deterrent effect. As we continue to commercialize our products in their current or updated forms, launch new products and enter new markets, we expect competitors may claim that one or more of our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of business strategies designed to impede our successful commercialization and entry into new markets. The large number of patents, the rapid rate of new patent applications and issuances, the complexities of the technology involved, and the uncertainty of litigation may increase the risk of business resources and management’s attention being diverted to patent litigation. We have, and we may in the future, receive letters or other threats or claims from third parties inviting us to take licenses under, or alleging that we infringe, their patents.

Moreover, we may become party to future adversarial proceedings regarding our patent portfolio or the patents of third parties. Patents may be subjected to opposition, post-grant review or comparable proceedings lodged in various foreign, both national and regional, patent offices. The legal threshold for initiating litigation or contested proceedings may be low, so that even lawsuits or proceedings with a low probability of success might be initiated. Litigation and contested proceedings can also be expensive and time-consuming, and our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. We may also occasionally use these proceedings to challenge the patent rights of others. We cannot be certain that any particular challenge will be successful in limiting or eliminating the challenged patent rights of the third party.

Any lawsuits resulting from such allegations could subject us to significant liability for damages and invalidate our proprietary rights. Any potential intellectual property litigation also could force us to do one or more of the following:

•        stop making, selling or using products or technologies that allegedly infringe the asserted intellectual property;

•        lose the opportunity to license our technology to others or to collect royalty payments based upon successful protection and assertion of our intellectual property rights against others; incur significant legal expenses;

•        pay substantial damages or royalties to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

•        pay the attorney’s fees and costs of litigation to the party whose intellectual property rights we may be found to be infringing;

•        redesign those products that contain the allegedly infringing intellectual property, which could be costly, disruptive and infeasible; and

•        attempt to obtain a license to the relevant intellectual property from third parties, which may not be available on reasonable terms or at all, or from third parties who may attempt to license rights that they do not have.

Any litigation or claim against us, even those without merit, may cause us to incur substantial costs, and could place a significant strain on our financial resources, divert the attention of management from our core business and harm our reputation. If we are found to infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, we could be required to pay substantial damages (which may be increased up to three times of awarded damages) and/or substantial royalties and could be prevented from selling our products unless we obtain a license or are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. Any such license may not be available on reasonable terms, if at all, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to redesign our products in a way that would not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. We could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. If we fail to obtain any required licenses or make any necessary changes to our products or technologies, we may have to withdraw existing products from the market or may be unable to commercialize one or more of our products.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

We rely on copyright, patent, trade secret, and trademark protection as well as confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and third parties, and we may in the future rely on additional intellectual property protection, to protect our confidential and proprietary information. In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using commonly accepted physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to copy or reverse engineer certain aspects of our products that we consider proprietary. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Even though we use commonly accepted security measures, trade secret violations are often a matter of state law, and the criteria for protection of trade secrets can vary among different jurisdictions. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our business and competitive position could be harmed.

Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. Any infringement claims or lawsuits, even if not meritorious, could be expensive and time consuming to defend, divert management’s attention and resources, require us to redesign our products and services, if feasible, require us to pay royalties or enter into licensing agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies, and/or may materially disrupt the conduct of our business.

In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors or third parties obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such intellectual property. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property or may lose our exclusive rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could harm our business and competitive position.

Third parties may assert that our employees or contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets, which could result in litigation.

We may employ individuals who previously worked with other companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and contractors do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees or contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property or personal data, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third party. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims or settling those claims, in addition to paying monetary damages or a settlement payment, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Other Legal Issues.

The regulatory environment for IVD could change, resulting a new procedure for achieving approvals for various global marketplaces which might adversely affect Virax’s ability to enter various markets.

Changes in the current regulatory framework for IVD can impose additional regulatory burdens on us. For example, in the United Kingdom, as part of the transition due to the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union, initially, we will be able to use the recognized CE marks that we will apply with the European Union for our T-Cell IVD Test until June 30, 2023 (the “Transitional Arrangement”). After which, we will need to conform with the UK IVD regime rather than relying on Transitional Arrangement and apply with the UK Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency for a UK Conformity Assessed mark before we can sell our T-Cell IVD Test in the UK post June 30, 2023. As the regulatory framework evolves in the targeted jurisdictions for our current in-development T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand, we may incur substantial costs to ensure compliance with new or amended laws and regulations. Failure to comply with any of these laws and regulations could result in enforcement actions against us, damage to our reputation, render us unable to commercialize our Virax Immune product and/or platform in the expected timeframe or at all, and our ability to expand our business and achieve our strategic objectives would be impaired, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

If we fail to comply with extensive regulations of domestic and international regulatory authorities, sales of our products in new markets and the development and commercialization of any new product candidates could be delayed or prevented.

Our existing tests, as well as new tests, will be subject to extensive government regulations related to development, testing, manufacturing and commercialization in Europe and other countries before we can sell in these markets. The process of obtaining and complying with the relevant governmental regulatory approvals and regulations is costly, time consuming, uncertain and subject to unanticipated delays. Despite the time and expense exerted, regulatory approval is never guaranteed. We may not be able to obtain the required regulatory approval and market any further products we may develop during the time we anticipate, or at all. We also are subject to the following risks and obligations, among others:

•        regulators may refuse to approve an application if they believe that applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied;

•        regulators may require additional testing for safety and effectiveness;

•        regulators may interpret data from clinical studies in different ways than we interpret them;

•        if regulatory approval of a product is granted, the approval may be limited to specific indications or limited with respect to its distribution; and

•        regulators may change their approval policies and/or adopt new regulations that affect our ability to secure approvals for new products, which would decrease the chance we would be able to commercialize new diagnostic tests.

In addition, some international jurisdictions, require periodic re-registration. Even if we obtain initial registrations from regulatory bodies, we may lose registration after a periodic review. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices do not comply with current or future statutes and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may

be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion of our products from government funded healthcare programs, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, reputational harm and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Defending against any such actions can be costly and time-consuming and may require significant financial resources.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. For example, the provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is generally not permitted in the countries that form part of the European Union. Some European Union Member States have enacted laws explicitly prohibiting the provision of these types of benefits and advantages to induce or reward improper performance generally, and the United Kingdom has enacted such laws through the Bribery Act 2010. Infringements of these laws can result in substantial fines and imprisonment. EU Directive 2001/83/EC, which is the EU Directive governing medicinal products for human use, further provides that, where medicinal products are being promoted to persons qualified to prescribe or supply them, no gifts, pecuniary advantages or benefits in kind may be supplied, offered or promised to such persons unless they are inexpensive and relevant to the practice of medicine or pharmacy. This provision has been transposed into the Human Medicines Regulations 2012 and so remains applicable in the UK despite its departure from the EU. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

If we or our suppliers fail to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements, or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, these products could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market.

Any product for which we obtain marketing approval in the United Kingdom or in international jurisdictions, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the relevant regulatory bodies. Furthermore, our suppliers may be subject to similar regulatory oversight, and may not currently be or may not continue to be in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements. Failure by us or one of our suppliers to comply with statutes and regulations administered by the relevant regulatory bodies, or failure to take adequate action in response to any observations, could result in, among other things, any of the following enforcement actions:

•        warning letters or untitled letters;

•        fines and civil penalties;

•        unanticipated expenditures for corrective actions;

•        delays in approving, or refusal to approve, our products;

•        withdrawal or suspension of approval by the relevant regulatory bodies;

•        product recall or seizures;

•        interruption of production;

•        operating restrictions;

•        injunctions; and

•        criminal penalties.

If any of these actions were to occur, it could harm our reputation and could cause our product sales and profitability to suffer.

Any regulatory approval of a product may also be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. If the FDA or another regulatory body determines that our promotional materials, training or other activities constitute promotion of an unapproved use, it could request that we cease or modify our training or promotional materials or subject us to regulatory enforcement actions. It is also possible that other federal, state or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider our training or promotional materials to constitute

promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines or penalties under applicable statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement. The following are significant regulations that are currently applicable and could also be applicable to our products due to our target markets:

European Union Regulations

In the European Union, IVD will be subject to additional legal regulatory requirements after it comes into full effect. Among other things, the In-Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (“IVDR”) introduces a new risk-based classification system and requirements for conformity assessments. Products already certified by a Notified Body may remain on the market until May 25, 2024 under some conditions including fulfillment of specific requirements in the IVDR, but ultimately most products will have to be approved. Under the Directive, 100% percent of our products were under the self-declaration classification, while under IVDR approximately 50% of our products will require pre-approval, and those that are in the highest risk class will have to be tested by a Designated Reference Laboratory. In addition, there will also be a greater emphasis on post-market surveillance and submission of post-market performance follow-up reports.

With respect to the current COVID-19 pandemic, the EC has classified SARS-CoV-2 assays as high risk, and designated five (5) notified bodies under the IVDR, they have issued guidance in several areas, e.g., clinical benefit, technical documentation, state of art, accessories, and European Databank on Medical Devices (“EUDAMED”). Open points still being addressed/defined are the designation of EU Reference Laboratories and Common Specification for high risk IVDs.

United Kingdom Regulations

The UK’s withdrawal from the EU will have major ramifications for IVD manufacturers that will, among other things have to follow new procedures that will apply in the UK including appointment of a UK Responsible Person rather than relying on European Authorized Representatives to manage their compliance efforts in the UK.

The UK Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, or MHRA, issued a new guidance on how the country will regulate IVDs after January 1, 2021. According to MHRA, IVDs in the future will require certification in the UK, which is defined as England, Scotland and Wales, while companies will still be able to sell tests in Northern Ireland under existing EU IVD regulations. As described in the guidance, MHRA will continue to recognize CE marks until June 30, 2023. Companies wishing to place IVDs on the UK market will be required to register with MHRA after January 1, 2021, but will still be able to sell CE-IVD marked products for the next two-and-a half years. After July 1, 2023, companies selling in the UK will have to obtain a new marking called a UK Conformity Assessed mark, or UKCA. More information about the new UK requirements should become available in the near future. As such, both you and us face uncertainty about future ramifications for IVD manufacturers due to UK’s withdrawal from the EU which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

U.S. Regulations

We consider the United States as a target market with significant potential. As such, United States regulations will be applicable to our products once we market our products in the United States. In the United States, the FDA regulates the sale or distribution of medical devices, including but not limited to, IVD test kits. IVD products are subject to regulation by the FDA as medical devices to the extent that they are intended for use in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of disease or other conditions. They are subject to premarket review and post market controls which will differ depending on how the FDA classifies a specific IVD.

The information that must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three risk-based classes depending on the controls deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are considered the lowest risk and are subject to general controls, including labeling requirements, and adherence to the FDA’s quality system regulations, or QSRs, which are device-specific current good manufacturing practices. Class II (intermediate risk) devices may be subject to premarket notification, or may be 510(k)-exempt, and are generally subject to QSRs, general controls and sometimes special controls, including performance standards and post-market surveillance. Class III (highest risk) devices are subject to most of the previously identified requirements as well as to pre-market approval. Class I devices are exempt from premarket review; most Class II devices require 510(k) clearance, and all Class III devices must receive premarket approval before they can be sold in the United States. The payment of a user fee, which is typically adjusted annually, to the FDA is usually required when a 510(k) notice or premarket approval application is submitted.

510(k) Premarket Notification.    A 510(k) premarket notification requires the sponsor to demonstrate that a medical device is substantially equivalent to another marketed device, termed a “predicate device,” that is legally marketed in the United States and for which a premarket approval was not required. A device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device if it has the same intended use and technological characteristics as the predicate; or has the same intended use but different technological characteristics, where the information submitted to the FDA does not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness and demonstrates that the device is at least as safe and effective as the legally marketed device.

If the FDA believes that the device is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will issue a “Not Substantially Equivalent” (NSE) determination and designate the device as a Class III device, which will require the submission and approval of a PMA before the new device may be marketed. A person who receives an NSE determination in response to a 510(k) submission may, within 30 days of receipt of the NSE determination, submit a de novo request for the FDA to make a risk-based evaluation for classification of the device into Class I or II. Devices that are classified through the de novo process may be marketed and used as predicates for future 510(k) submissions. The FDA continues to reevaluate the 510(k) pathway and process and the de novo process, and has taken what it describes as a risk-based approach to develop innovative regulatory policy to propose a more “contemporary” approach. In October 2017, the FDA published a final guidance entitled, “De Novo Classification Process (Evaluation of Automatic Class III Designation),” and in December 2018, the FDA published a proposed rule which if finalized is intended to provide structure, clarity and transparency on the de novo classification process. In January 2021, it also published a final guidance entitled “Requests for Feedback and Meetings for Medical Device Submissions: The Q-Submission Program.”

Premarket Approval. The PMA process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. A PMA must be supported by more detailed and comprehensive scientific evidence, including clinical data, to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the medical device for its intended purpose. If the device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the sponsor may not begin a clinical trial until it submits an investigational device exemption (IDE) to the FDA and obtains approval to begin the trial.

After the PMA is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to make a threshold determination that the PMA is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the PMA is complete, the FDA will file the PMA. The FDA is subject to a performance goal review time for a PMA that is 180 days from the date of filing, although in practice this review time is longer. Questions from the FDA, requests for additional data and referrals to advisory committees may delay the process considerably. The total process may take several years and there is no guarantee that the PMA will ever be approved. Even if approved, the FDA may limit the indications for which the device may be marketed. The FDA may also request additional clinical data as a condition of approval or after the PMA is approved. Any changes to the medical device may require a supplemental PMA to be submitted and approved before changed medical device may be marketed.

Any products sold by us pursuant to FDA clearances or approvals will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including record keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the use of the device and restrictions on the advertising and promotion of our products. In particular, we may not advertise or otherwise promote our devices for indications, patient populations, or other conditions of use that are not covered by the applicable FDA clearance or approval for the device. Modifications or changes to the device or how it is manufactured may also be separately subject to FDA review and authorization before being commercialized. Device manufacturers are required to register their establishments and list their devices with the FDA and are subject to periodic inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies. Noncompliance with applicable FDA requirements can result in, among other things, warning letters, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recalls or seizures of products, total or partial suspension of production, refusal of the FDA to grant 510(k) clearance or PMA approval for new devices, withdrawal of 510(k) clearances and/or PMA approvals and criminal prosecution.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the US government declared a state of emergency which enabled the FDA to issue emergency use authorizations (EUAs) to provide more timely access to critical medical products (including medicines and tests) that may help during the emergency when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternative options. EUAs are in effect until the emergency declaration ends but can be revised or revoked as FDA considers the needs during the emergency and new data on a product’s safety and effectiveness, or as products meet the criteria to become approved, cleared, or licensed by the FDA. Manufacturers of several types of SARS-CoV-2

assays have been granted EUAs. These authorizations are only intended for the duration of the emergency declaration, and afterwards will be revoked. The FDA has indicated the withdrawal of the EUA process will be done in a controlled ramp down.

Additionally, we may be required to conduct costly post-market testing, and we will be required to report adverse events and malfunctions related to our products. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, including unanticipated adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, manufacturing problems, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements may result in restrictions on such products or manufacturing processes, withdrawal of the products from the market, voluntary or mandatory recalls, fines, suspension of regulatory approvals, product seizures, injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Furthermore, the relevant authorities will inspect our facilities and those of our suppliers from time to time to determine whether we are in compliance with regulations relating to the manufacture of diagnostic products, including regulations concerning design, manufacture, testing, quality control, product labeling, distribution, promotion and record-keeping practices. A determination that we are in material violation of such regulations could lead to the imposition of civil penalties, including fines, product recalls, product seizures or, in extreme cases, criminal sanctions.

Canada Regulations

We also consider Canada as a target market with significant potential. Health Canada is the department of the Government of Canada responsible for national health policy, for both professional point-of-care and self-testing, which is similar to over-the-counter EUA authorization in the United States. Health Canada regulates, among other things, the research, development, testing, approval, manufacture, packaging, labeling, storage, recordkeeping, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, post-approval monitoring and import and export of pharmaceutical, including biologic, products. The process for obtaining regulatory approvals in Canada, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

We may potentially be subject to product liability claims.

The testing of our T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand entails an inherent risk of product liability claims. Further, providing clinical testing services entails a risk of claims for errors or omissions made by our laboratory staff. Potential liability claims may exceed the amount of our insurance coverage or may be excluded from coverage under the terms of the policy. As of the date of this prospectus, we obtained a product liability insurance for the testing of the T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand. Although we obtained a product liability insurance for the testing of the T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand, if any liability claims arise, it may result in:

•        decreased demand for our planned products under the Virax Immune brand;

•        injury to our reputation;

•        costs of related litigation;

•        substantial monetary awards to patients and others;

•        loss of revenue; and

•        the inability to commercialize our planned products under the Virax Immune brand.

Any of these outcomes may have an adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, and may increase the volatility of our share price.

Our inadvertent or unintentional failure to comply with complex government regulations concerning privacy of medical and personal information could subject us to fines and adversely affect our reputation.

Privacy regulations around the world limit use or disclosure of protected personal information without written authorization or consent, except for permitted purposes outlined in the privacy regulations. The privacy regulations provide for significant fines and other penalties for wrongful use or disclosure of protected health information, including potential civil and criminal fines and penalties.

We have policies and practices that we believe make us compliant with the privacy regulations. Nevertheless, the documentation and process requirements of the privacy regulations are complex and subject to interpretation. Failure to comply with the privacy regulations could subject us to sanctions or penalties, loss of business and negative publicity.

Internationally, virtually every jurisdiction in which we operate has established its own data security and privacy legal framework with which we or our customers must comply, including the General Data Protection Regulation established in the European Union. We may also need to comply with varying and possibly conflicting privacy laws and regulations in other jurisdictions. As a result, we could face regulatory actions, including significant fines or penalties, adverse publicity and possible loss of business.

A disruption in our computer networks, including those related to cybersecurity, could adversely affect our financial performance.

Cybersecurity refers to the combination of technologies, processes and procedures established to protect information technology systems and data from unauthorized access, attack, or damage. We rely on our computer networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to manage and store electronic information (including sensitive data such as confidential business information and personally identifiable data relating to employees, customers and other business partners), and to manage or support a variety of critical business processes and activities. Cyber-attacks are increasingly more common, including in the health care industry. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with the frequent imposition of new and changing requirements. Compliance with changes in privacy and information security laws and with rapidly evolving industry standards may result in our incurring significant expense due to increased investment in technology and the development of new operational processes.

We have not experienced any known attacks on our information technology systems that have resulted in any material system failure, accident or security breach to date. However, we may face threats to our networks from unauthorized access, security breaches and other system disruptions. We maintain our information technology systems with safeguard protection against cyber-attacks, including passive intrusion protection, firewalls and virus detection software. However, these safeguards do not ensure that a significant cyber-attack could not occur. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of our information systems and the data maintained in those systems, it is possible that our safety and security measures will not prevent the systems’ improper functioning or damage or the improper access or disclosure of personally identifiable information such as in the event of cyber-attacks.

Security breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches can create system disruptions or shutdowns or the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. If personal information or protected health information is improperly accessed, tampered with or disclosed as a result of a security breach, we may incur significant costs to notify and mitigate potential harm to the affected individuals, and we may be subject to sanctions and civil or criminal penalties if we are found to be in violation of the privacy or security rules or other similar laws protecting confidential personal information. In addition, a cybersecurity breach could hurt our reputation by adversely affecting the perception of customers and potential customers of the security of their orders and personal information, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties for compromised personal information and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to the U.K. Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations. If we fail to comply with these laws, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, other remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business. The Bribery Act and these other laws generally prohibit us and our employees and intermediaries from bribing, being bribed or making other prohibited payments to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. We and our commercial partners operate in a number of jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential Bribery Act violations, and we participate in collaborations and relationships with third parties whose actions could potentially subject us to liability under the Bribery Act or

local anti-corruption laws. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the governments of the United Kingdom and authorities in the European Union, including applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions on countries and persons, customs requirements and currency exchange regulations, collectively referred to as the Trade Control laws.

There is no assurance that we will be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-corruption laws, including the Bribery Act, or other legal requirements, including Trade Control laws. If we violate provisions of the Bribery Act or other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation into or audit of us of any potential violations of the Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws or Trade Control laws by U.K. or other authorities could subject us to fines or criminal or other penalties, which could have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Recent developments relating to the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union could adversely affect us.

The recent withdrawal of the United Kingdom from its membership in the European Union, or EU, often referred to as “Brexit”, could lead to legal and regulatory uncertainty in the United Kingdom and may lead to the United Kingdom and European Union adopting divergent laws and regulations, including those related to the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals, as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replicate or replace. If the United Kingdom were to significantly alter its regulations affecting the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals, we could face significant new costs. As a result, Brexit could impair our ability to transact business in the European Union and the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom and the EU have signed a EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, or TCA, which became provisionally applicable on January 1, 2021 and will become formally applicable once ratified by both the United Kingdom and the EU. This agreement provides details on how some aspects of the United Kingdom and EU’s relationship will operate going forwards however there are still many uncertainties. The uncertainty concerning the United Kingdom’s legal, political and economic relationship with the European Union may be a source of instability in the international markets, create significant currency fluctuations, and/or otherwise adversely affect trading agreements or similar cross-border co-operation arrangements (whether economic, tax, fiscal, legal, regulatory or otherwise).

These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, have had, and may continue to have, a significant adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and could significantly reduce global market liquidity and limit the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets. In particular, it could also lead to a period of considerable uncertainty in relation to the United Kingdom financial and banking markets, as well as on the regulatory process in Europe. Asset valuations, currency exchange rates and credit ratings may also be subject to increased market volatility.

If other EU Member States pursue withdrawal, barrier-free access among the European Economic Area, or EEA, overall could be diminished or eliminated. The long-term effects of Brexit will depend on how the terms of the TCA take effect in practice and any further agreements (or lack thereof) between the United Kingdom and the EU. Such a withdrawal from the EU is unprecedented, and it is unclear how the UK access to the European single market for goods, capital, services and labor within the EU, and the wider commercial, legal and regulatory environment, will impact our United Kingdom operations.

We may also face new regulatory costs and challenges that could have an adverse effect on our operations and development programs. For example, the United Kingdom will lose the benefits of global trade agreements negotiated by the EU on behalf of its members, which may result in increased trade barriers that could make our doing business in the EU and the EEA more difficult. There may continue to be economic uncertainty surrounding the consequences of Brexit, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and market price of our securities.

We are exposed to unanticipated changes in tax laws and regulations, adjustments to our tax provisions, exposure to additional tax liabilities, or forfeiture of our tax assets.

The determination of our provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment, including the adoption of certain accounting policies and our determination of whether our deferred tax assets are, and will remain, tax effective. We cannot guarantee that our interpretation or structure will not be questioned by the relevant tax authorities, or that the relevant tax laws and regulations, or the interpretation thereof, including through tax rulings, by the relevant tax authorities, will not be subject to change. Any adverse outcome of such a review may lead to adjustments in the amounts recorded in our financial statements and could have a materially adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition.

We are subject to laws and regulations on tax levies and other charges or contributions in different countries, including transfer pricing and tax regulations for the compensation of personnel and third parties. Dealings between current and former group companies as well as additional companies that may form part of our group in the future are subject to transfer pricing regulations, which may be subject to change and could affect us. Compliance with these laws and regulations will be more challenging as we expand our international operations, including in connection with potential approvals of our product candidates in Europe, the United States and elsewhere.

Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in tax laws, treaties and regulations, both internationally and domestically, or the interpretation thereof by the relevant tax authorities, including changes to the patent income deduction, possible changes to the corporate income tax base, wage withholding tax incentive for qualified research and development personnel in Belgium and other tax incentives and the implementation of new tax incentives such as the innovation deduction. An increase of the effective tax rates could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, we may not be able to use, or changes in tax regulations may affect the use of, certain unrecognized tax assets or credits that we have built over the years. In general, some of these tax losses carry forwards may be forfeited in whole, or in part, as a result of various transactions, or their utilization may be restricted by statutory law in the relevant jurisdiction. Any corporate reorganization by us or any transaction relating to our shareholding structure may result in partial or complete forfeiture of tax loss carry forwards. The tax burden would increase if profits, if any, could not be offset against tax loss carry forwards.

Risk Related to our Corporate Structure

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

Virax Cayman is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, and we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore, no tax is payable in Singapore in respect of dividends paid by us. Any limitation on the ability of our SingaporeCo to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Shareholders of a Cayman company will not be subject to any income, withholding or capital gains taxes in the Cayman Islands with respect to the holding of their shares in a Cayman company and dividends received on those shares, nor will they be subject to any estate or inheritance taxes in the Cayman Islands. There are no foreign exchange controls in the Cayman Islands. Under the Companies Act, a Cayman company may declare and pay a dividend to shareholders from time to time out of the profits or out of the share premium account, provided that Virax Cayman shall be able to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Under Hong Kong law, dividends could only be paid out of distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized losses) or other distributable reserves. Dividends cannot be paid out of share capital. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends paid by us.

Any limitation on the ability of Virax Cayman, HKco, and Virax Immune T-Cell subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Risks related to Singapore

Developments in the social, political, regulatory and economic environment in the countries where we operate, may have a material and adverse impact on us.

Our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by social, political, regulatory and economic developments in countries in which we operate. Such political and economic uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks of war, terrorism, nationalism, nullification of contract, changes in interest rates, imposition of capital controls and methods of taxation. For example, we have considerable operations in Singapore, and negative developments in Singapore’s socio-political environment may adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Although the overall economic environment in Singapore and other countries including the United States and Europe where we operate appear to be positive, there can be no assurance that this will continue to prevail in the future.

Disruptions in the international trading environment may seriously decrease our international sales.

The success and profitability of our international activities depend on certain factors beyond our control, such as general economic conditions, labor conditions, political stability, macro-economic regulating measures, tax laws, import and export duties, transportation difficulties, fluctuation of local currency and foreign exchange controls of the countries in which we sell our services, as well as the political and economic relationships among the jurisdictions where we source products and jurisdictions where our clients’ customers are located. As a result, our sales will continue to be vulnerable to disruptions in the international trading environment, including adverse changes in foreign government regulations, political unrest and international economic downturns. Any disruptions in the international trading environment may affect the demand for our products, which could impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China and Hong Kong

A downturn in the Hong Kong, China or global economy, and economic and political policies of China could materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

A part of our operations are located in Hong Kong and China. Accordingly, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in Hong Kong and China generally and by continued economic growth in Hong Kong and China as a whole. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us.

Economic conditions in Hong Kong and China are sensitive to global economic conditions. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may affect potential clients’ confidence in financial market as a whole and have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

The Hong Kong legal system embodies uncertainties which could limit the legal protections available to us.

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of the PRC. Following British colonial rule from 1842 to 1997, China assumed sovereignty under the “one country, two systems” principle. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region’s constitutional document, the Basic Law, ensures that the current political situation will remain in effect for 50 years. Hong Kong has enjoyed the freedom to function in a high degree of autonomy for its affairs, including currencies, immigration and custom, independent judiciary system and parliamentary system. On July 14, 2020, the United States signed an executive order to end the special status enjoyed by Hong Kong post-1997. As the autonomy currently enjoyed were compromised, it could potentially impact Hong Kong’s common law legal system and may in turn bring about uncertainty in, for example, the enforcement of our contractual rights. This could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business and operation. Additionally, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in Hong Kong may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the Hong Kong legal system, including the promulgation of new laws, changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the pre-emption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us, including our ability to enforce our agreements with our clients.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws, and sudden or unexpected changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.

A part of our operations is located in China, and thus, Shanghai Xitu is governed by PRC laws and regulations. PRC companies are generally subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments in China and, in particular, laws and regulations applicable to wholly foreign-owned enterprises. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws, rules and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past four decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws, rules and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China or may be subject to significant degrees of interpretation by PRC regulatory agencies. In particular, because these laws, rules and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited number of published decisions and the nonbinding nature of such decisions, and because the laws, rules and regulations often give the relevant regulator significant discretion in how to enforce them, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws, rules and regulations involve uncertainties and can be inconsistent and unpredictable. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, and which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until after the occurrence of the violation.

Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the Opinions jointly issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council on July 6, 2021 called for strengthened regulation over illegal securities activities and supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies and propose to take effective measures. As of the date of this prospectus, no official guidance and related implementation rules have been issued in relation to these recently issued opinions and the interpretation and implementation of the Opinions remain unclear at this stage.

On December 28, 2021, the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, published the Measures for Cybersecurity Review which became effective on February 15, 2022, which required that any “network platform operator” controlling personal information of no less than one million users which seeks to list on a foreign stock exchange should also be subject to cybersecurity review. The PRC Data Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021, imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals that carry out data

activities, provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Personal Information Protection Law (the “PIPL”), which took effect on November 1, 2021. The PIPL sets out the regulatory framework for handling and protection of personal information and transmission of personal information to overseas. Shanghai Xitu is not a network platform operator, nor does it conduct data activities that may affect national security or hold personal information of more than one million users or conduct any cross-border transfer of personal information from China to overseas. Thus, we do not believe we fall in the “operators of critical information infrastructure” and we are not subject to PRC cybersecurity review. However, the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (2021 version), the Data Security Law and the PIPL were recently adopted and remain unclear on how it will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant PRC governmental authorities.

On December 24, 2021, the State Council published the draft Administrative Provisions on the Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) (the “Administrative Provisions”), and the CSRC published the draft Measures for Record-filings of the Overseas Issuance and Listing of Securities by Domestic Companies (Draft for Comments) (the “Administrative Measures”), for public comment. It should be noted that neither Administrative Provisions nor Administrative Measures have come into effect as of the date of this registration statement.

Pursuant to the Article 2 of the Administrative Measures, domestic enterprises that directly or indirectly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange shall file with the CSRC. We are not “directly” offering securities overseas (as Shanghai Xitu is not the issuer of the listed securities on an overseas stock exchange).

According to the Administrative Measures, if the issuer meets the following conditions, it shall be deemed as an “indirect” overseas offering and listing of a domestic enterprise:

(1)    the operating income, total profit, total assets or net assets of the domestic enterprise in the most recent fiscal year account for more than 50% of the relevant data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period;

(2)    most of the senior management personnel responsible for business operation and management are PRC Citizens or having an ordinary residence located in the PRC, and the principal place of business operations is located in or mainly within the PRC.

Based on the above mentioned Administrative Provisions and Administrative Measures (both are in draft form only), as advised by our PRC legal adviser, Zhong Lun Law Firm, given that Shanghai Xitu does not directly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange, and the operating income, total profit, total assets or net assets of the Shanghai Xitu for the last financial year accounted for less than 50% of the Virax Group’s audited consolidated financial statements and none of Shanghai Xitu’s senior managers is a Chinese Citizen and only two (2) out of seven (7) have an ordinary residence located in the PRC, this offering shall not be deemed as a domestic enterprise that indirectly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange, nor does it requires filing or approvals from the CSRC. However, there can be no assurance that the relevant PRC governmental authorities, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as us, or that the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities would not promulgate new rules or new interpretation of current rules (with retrospective effect) to require us to obtain CSRC or other PRC governmental approvals for this offering.

The PRC government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of a PRC company’s business and may intervene with or influence its operations at any time as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals. The PRC government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries such as the education and internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding any industry that could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Shanghai Xitu. Furthermore, the PRC government has also recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over securities offerings and other capital markets activities that are conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based companies. Any such action, once taken by the PRC government, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or in extreme cases, become worthless.

Uncertainties regarding the enforcement of laws and the fact that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with little advance notice, along with the risk that the Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, could result in a material change in our operations, financial performance and/or the value of our Ordinary Shares or impair our ability to raise money.

The Chinese government exerts substantial influence over the manner in which we must conduct our business activities, and may intervene or influence our operations at any time, or may exert more oversight and control over offerings conducted overseas, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares to investors and could cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless.

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate Shanghai Xitu in China may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties.

For example, the Chinese cybersecurity regulator announced on July 2, 2021 that it had begun an investigation of Didi Global Inc. (NYSE: DIDI) and two days later ordered that Didi Global Inc.’s app be removed from smartphone app stores.

As such Shanghai Xitu may be subjected to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. Shanghai Xitu could be subjected to regulations by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions. We may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply. If the PRC government initiates an investigation into us at any time alleging us violation of cybersecurity laws, anti-monopoly laws, and securities offering rules in China in connection with this offering, we may have to spend additional resources and incur additional time delays to comply with the applicable rules, and our business operations will be affected materially and any such action could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

As at the date of this prospectus, we have been advised by Zhong Lun Law Firm, our PRC legal adviser, that there are no PRC laws and regulations (including the CSRC, the CAC, or any other government entity) in force explicitly requiring that our Group or Shanghai Xitu to obtain permission from PRC authorities for this offering or to issue securities to foreign investors (by Virax Cayman), and our Group or Shanghai Xitu have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanction or any regulatory objection to this offering from any relevant PRC authorities. However, it is uncertain when and whether the Group or Shanghai Xitu will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. stock exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Any new policies, regulations, rules, actions or laws by the PRC government may subject us to material changes in operations, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.

The PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of certain taxable assets, including, in particular, equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by a non-resident enterprise by promulgating and implementing SAT Circular 59 and Circular 698, which became effective in January 2008, and a Circular 7 in replacement of some of the existing rules in Circular 698, which became effective in February 2015.

Under Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the equity interests of a PRC “resident enterprise” indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, may be subject to PRC corporate income tax, if the indirect transfer is considered to be an abusive use of company structure without reasonable commercial purposes. As a result, gains

derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of up to 10%. Circular 698 also provides that, where a non-PRC resident enterprise transfers its equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise to its related parties at a price lower than the fair market value, the relevant tax authority has the power to make a reasonable adjustment to the taxable income of the transaction.

In February 2015, the SAT issued Circular 7 to replace the rules relating to indirect transfers in Circular 698. Circular 7 has introduced a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Circular 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Circular 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Circular 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC corporate income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise.

We may face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on future private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to withholding obligation, and request our PRC subsidiary to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed, under Circular 59 or Circular 698 and Circular 7, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 59, Circular 698 and Circular 7 or to establish that we and our non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Circular 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. Although our Group currently has no plans to pursue any acquisitions in China or elsewhere in the world, we may pursue acquisitions in the future that may involve complex corporate structures. If we are considered a non-resident enterprise under the PRC corporate income tax law and if the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under SAT Circular 59 or Circular 698 and Circular 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission and other PRC governmental authorities are not required in connection with this offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.

The M&A Rules include, among other things, provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of securities in a PRC company obtain the approval of CSRC and MOFCOM, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. Substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles. As at the date of this prospectus, we have been advised by Zhong Lun Law Firm, CSRC’s approval under the M&A Rules is not required for the listing and trading of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq in the context of this offering given that we are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with some operations located in Hong Kong and the PRC controlled by non-PRC citizens. As such, we do not fit into the definition of “overseas special purpose vehicle” under the M&A Regulations and we have never conducted any merger or acquisitions of any PRC domestic companies with a related party relationship. MOFCOM’s approval under the M&A Rules is not required as we have never conducted any merger or acquisitions of any PRC domestic companies with a related party relationship. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC governmental agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do.

Moreover, except for emphasizing the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies, the Opinions, which was made available to the public on July 6, 2021, also provides that the State Council will revise provisions regarding the overseas issuance and listing of shares by companies limited by shares and will clarify the duties of domestic regulatory authorities.

On December 24, 2021, the State Council published the Administrative Provisions, and the CSRC published the Administrative Measures, for public comment. It should be noted that neither Administrative Provisions nor Administrative Measures have come into effect as of the date of this registration statement.

Pursuant to the Article 2 of the Administrative Measures, domestic enterprises that directly or indirectly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange shall file with the CSRC. We are not “directly” offering securities overseas (as Shanghai Xitu is not the issuer of the listed securities on an overseas stock exchange). According to the Administrative Measures.

If the issuer meets the following conditions, it shall be deemed as an “indirect” overseas offering and listing of a domestic enterprise:

(1)    the operating income, total profit, total assets or net assets of the domestic enterprise in the most recent fiscal year account for more than 50% of the relevant data in the issuer’s audited consolidated financial statements for the same period;

(2)    most of the senior management personnel responsible for business operation and management are Chinese companies Citizens or having an ordinary residence located in the PRC, and the principal place of business operation is located in or mainly within the PRC.

Based on the above mentioned Administrative Provisions and Administrative Measures (both are in draft form only), as advised by our PRC legal adviser, Zhong Lun Law Firm, given that Shanghai Xitu does not directly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange, and the operating income, total profit, total assets or net assets of the Shanghai Xitu for the last financial year accounted for less than 50% of the Virax Group’s audited consolidated financial statements and none of Shanghai Xitu’s senior managers is a Chinese Citizen and only two (2) out of seven (7) have an ordinary residence located in the PRC, this offering shall not be deemed as a domestic enterprise that indirectly offer or list securities on an overseas stock exchange, nor does it requires filing or approvals from the CSRC. However, there can be no assurance that the relevant PRC governmental authorities, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as us, or that the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities would not promulgate new rules or new interpretation of current rules (with retrospective effect) to require us to obtain CSRC or other PRC governmental approvals for this offering.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have been advised by Zhong Lun Law Firm that no prior permission is required under the M&A Rules the Opinions from any PRC governmental authorities (including the CSRC and MOFCOM) for the listing and trading of our securities on Nasdaq in the context of this offering, given that: (a) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offerings like ours under this prospectus are subject to the M&A Rules; (b) Virax Cayman is an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and we do not fit into the definition of “overseas special purpose vehicle” under the M&A Regulations and we have never conducted any merger or acquisitions of any PRC domestic companies with a related party relationship. We also believe that MOFCOM’s approval under the M&A Rules is not required as we have never conducted any merger or acquisitions of any PRC domestic companies with a related party relationship. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC governmental agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do. If we or our subsidiaries inadvertently conclude that such permissions or approvals are not required, our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares to investors could be significantly limited or completed hindered, which could cause the value of our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline or become worthless. We may also face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities.

We have been further advised by Zhong Lun Law Firm, our PRC legal adviser, that (i) Shanghai Xitu has obtained all necessary permissions or approvals and authorizations in the PRC in all material aspects in relation to conducting its current business operations in China; and (ii) we are not required to obtain any permission or approval

from any Chinese authority to issue securities to foreign investors (by Virax Cayman) or in connection with this offering under Chinese laws or regulations in effect. Except for the business license issued by the local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation, which Shanghai Xitu’s have obtained and are in full force and effect as of the date of this prospectus, Shanghai Xitu is not required to obtain any other licenses, approvals or permits to conduct its current business operations in China. To the best of our knowledge, as of the date of this prospectus, there are no laws or regulations that are or will be adopted in the near future by PRC government authorities that would prevent Shanghai Xitu from maintaining the business license it has obtained or would require it to obtain additional licenses or qualifications in order to operate its current business operations. Further, there are no PRC laws and regulations (including the CSRC, the CAC, or any other government entity) in force explicitly requiring that our Group or Shanghai Xitu obtain permission from PRC authorities for this offering or to issue securities to foreign investors (by Virax Cayman), and our Group or Shanghai Xitu have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to this offering from the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities.

However, we cannot assure you that relevant PRC government agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do. If it is determined that CSRC approval is required for this offering, we may face sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies for failure to seek CSRC approval for this offering. These sanctions may include fines and penalties on our operations in the PRC, limitations on our operating privileges in the PRC, delays in or restrictions on the repatriation of the proceeds from this offering into the PRC, restrictions on or prohibition of the payments or remittance of dividends by our PRC subsidiary, or other actions that could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation and prospects, as well as the trading price of our securities. Furthermore, the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before the settlement and delivery of the securities that we are offering. Consequently, if you engage in market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to the settlement and delivery of the securities we are offering, you would be doing so at the risk that the settlement and delivery may not occur. The Administrative Provisions, if enacted, may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to get the clearance of filing procedures under the Administrative Provisions on a timely basis, or at all. Any failure of us to fully comply with new regulatory requirements may significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our Ordinary Shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our Ordinary Shares to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of Shanghai Xitu’s business and may intervene in or influence its operations at any time, which could result in a material change in its operations and/or the value of our securities.

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. Our ability to operate through our PRC subsidiary, Shanghai Xitu, may be harmed by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, property and other matters. The central or local governments of these jurisdictions may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our compliance with such regulations or interpretations. Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision not to continue to support recent economic reforms and to return to a more centrally planned economy or regional or local variations in the implementation of economic policies, could have a significant effect on economic conditions in China or particular regions thereof, and could require us to divest ourselves of any interest we then hold in Chinese properties.

For example, the Chinese cybersecurity regulator announced on July 2, 2021 that it had begun an investigation of Didi Global Inc. (NYSE: DIDI) and two days later ordered that Didi Global Inc.’s app be removed from smartphone app stores. On July 24, 2021, the General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council jointly released the Guidelines for Further Easing the Burden of Excessive Homework and Off-campus Tutoring for Students at the Stage of Compulsory Education, pursuant to which foreign investment in such firms via mergers and acquisitions, franchise development, and variable interest entities are banned from this sector.

As such, Shanghai Xitu’s business segments may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which it operates. Shanghai Xitu could be subject to regulations by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions, and these regulations may

be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities. The PRC Target Company may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

•        delay or impede our development;

•        result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs;

•        require significant management time and attention; and

•        subject Shanghai Xitu to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations, or demands or orders that we modify or even cease our business practices.

The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case that restrict or otherwise unfavorably may impact the ability or way Shanghai Xitu may conduct its business and could require it to change certain aspects of its business to ensure compliance, which could increase costs, require us to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject it to additional liabilities. As such, Shanghai Xitu’s operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future PRC laws and regulations relating to its business or industry, which could result in a material adverse change in the value of our securities, potentially rendering it worthless. As a result, both you and us face uncertainty about future actions by the PRC government that could significantly affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our Company’s business and results of operations we may pursue in the future.

A part of our operations are located in China and Hong Kong, and thus, or business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic and social conditions in China generally and by continued economic growth in China as a whole. Policies, regulations, rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government can have significant effects on economic conditions in the PRC and the ability of businesses to operate profitably. Shanghai Xitu’s, HKco’s, and Virax Immune T-Cell’s ability to operate profitably in the PRC and Hong Kong may be adversely affected by changes in policies by the PRC government, including changes in laws, regulations or their interpretation, particularly those dealing with the Internet, including censorship and other restriction on material which can be transmitted over the Internet, security, intellectual property, money laundering, taxation and other laws that affect our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries’ ability to operate its business.

Any actions by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over offerings (including businesses whose primary operations are in Hong Kong) that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investments in Hong Kong- or PRC-based issuers could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay us from using part of the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds our Group transfers to our Shanghai Xitu, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary are subject to registration with the SAMR (or its local branches) and filing with the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC, or the MOFCOM, or its local branches and (if applicable) registration with other relevant governmental authorities in China. In addition, (a) any foreign loan procured by our PRC subsidiary is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches, and (b) our PRC subsidiary may not procure loans which exceed the statutory amount as approved by the MOFCOM or its local branches. Any medium-or long-term loan to be provided by us to our PRC subsidiary must be approved by the National Development and Reform Commission, or NDRC and the SAFE or its local branches. We may not obtain these government approvals or complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC subsidiary. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registration, our ability to use part of the proceeds of this offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

In 2008, SAFE promulgated the Circular on the Relevant Operating Issues Concerning the Improvement of the Administration of the Payment and Settlement of Foreign Currency Capital of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 142. SAFE Circular 142 regulates the conversion by FIEs of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting the usage of converted Renminbi. SAFE Circular 142 provides that any Renminbi capital converted from registered capitals in foreign currency of FIEs may only be used for purposes within the business scopes approved by PRC governmental authority and such Renminbi capital may not be used for equity investments within China unless otherwise permitted by PRC law. In addition, the SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of Renminbi capital converted from registered capital in foreign currency of FIEs. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE approval, and such Renminbi capital may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been utilized. On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular of the SAFE on Relevant Issues Concerning the Pilot Reform in Certain Areas of the Administrative Method of the Conversion of Foreign Exchange Funds by Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 36, which launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of FIEs in 16 pilot areas. According to SAFE Circular 36, some of the restrictions under SAFE Circular 142 will not apply to the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of an ordinary FIE in the pilot areas, and such FIE is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC within and in accordance with the authorized business scope of such FIEs, subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in SAFE Circular 36. On March 30, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19. SAFE Circular 19 took effect as of June 1, 2015 and superseded SAFE Circular 36 and SAFE Circular 142 on the same date. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capitals of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion, but continues to prohibit FIEs from using the Renminbi fund converted from their foreign exchange capitals for expenditure beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between non-financial enterprises. Violations of these Circulars could result in severe monetary or other penalties. SAFE Circular 19 may significantly limit our ability to use Renminbi converted from part of the net proceeds of this offering to fund the establishment of new entities in China by our subsidiary, to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies through our PRC subsidiary, or to establish variable interest entities in the PRC, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to complete the necessary registration or obtain the necessary approval, our ability to make loans or equity contributions to our PRC subsidiary may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our PRC subsidiary’ liquidity and its ability to fund its working capital and expansion projects and meet its obligations and commitments.

Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively.

Some of our cash are denominated in Renminbi. The Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from our onshore subsidiary, Shanghai Xitu. Currently, our Shanghai subsidiary may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions,” including payment of dividends to us, without the approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, the relevant PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate our ability to purchase foreign currencies in the future for current account transactions. As we have some operations in PRC, we expect a portion of our cash will be denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize our Renminbi to fund our business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities. This could affect our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for our subsidiary.

Dividends paid to our foreign investors and gains on the sale of the Ordinary Shares by our foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax.

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation regulations issued by the State Council, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends paid to investors that are non-resident enterprises, which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or which have such establishment or place of business but the dividends

are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Any gain realized on the transfer of Ordinary Shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. If we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on our Ordinary Shares, and any gain realized from the transfer of our Ordinary Shares, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and would as a result be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of Ordinary Shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax (which in the case of dividends may be withheld at source) at a rate of 20%. Any PRC tax liability may be reduced by an applicable tax treaty. However, if we or our subsidiary established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of the Ordinary Shares would be able to claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends paid to our non-PRC investors, or gains from the transfer of the Ordinary Shares by such investors, are deemed as income derived from sources within the PRC and thus are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in the Ordinary Shares may decline significantly.

Risks Related to Our Securities

There has been no prior public market for our Ordinary Shares and an active trading market may never develop or be sustained.

Prior to this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith, there has been no public market for our Ordinary Shares. An active trading market for our Ordinary Shares may never develop following completion of this offering or, if developed, may not be sustained. The lack of an active trading market may impair the value of your shares and your ability to sell your shares at the time you wish to sell them. An inactive trading market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling our Ordinary Shares and entering into strategic partnerships or acquiring other complementary products, technologies or businesses by using our Ordinary Shares as consideration. In addition, if we fail to satisfy exchange listing standards, we could be delisted, which would have a negative effect on the price of our securities.

We expect that the price of our Ordinary Shares will fluctuate substantially and you may not be able to sell the shares you purchase in this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith at or above the initial public offering price.

The initial public offering price for our Ordinary Shares sold in this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith is determined by negotiation between the representative of the underwriters and us. This price may not reflect the market price of our Ordinary Shares following this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith. In addition, the market price of our Ordinary Shares is likely to be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:

•        the volume and timing of sales of our products;;

•        the introduction of new products or product enhancements by us or others in our industry;

•        disputes or other developments with respect to our or others’ intellectual property rights;

•        our ability to develop, obtain regulatory clearance or approval for, and market new and enhanced products on a timely basis;

•        product liability claims or other litigation;

•        quarterly variations in our results of operations or those of others in our industry;

•        media exposure of our products or of those of others in our industry;

•        changes in governmental regulations;

•        changes in earnings estimates or recommendations by securities analysts; and

•        general market conditions and other factors, including factors unrelated to our operating performance or the operating performance of our competitors

In recent years, the stock markets generally have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors may significantly affect the market price of our Ordinary Shares, regardless of our actual operating performance. These fluctuations may be even more pronounced in the trading market for our Ordinary Shares shortly following this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith. If the market price of our Ordinary Shares after this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith do not ever exceed the initial public offering price and the resale price, you may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment.

In addition, in the past, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Securities litigation brought against us following volatility in our stock price, regardless of the merit or ultimate results of such litigation, could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and operating results and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

The offering price of the primary offering and resale offering could differ.

The offering price of our Ordinary Shares in the initial public offering has been determined by negotiations between the Company and the underwriter. The offering price in the initial public bears no relationship to our assets, earnings or book value, or any other objective standard of value. The selling shareholders may sell the resale shares at prevailing market prices or privately negotiated prices after close of the offering and listing of the Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq. Therefore, the offering prices of the initial public and resale offering could differ. As a result, the purchasers in the resale offering could pay more or less than the offering price in the primary offering.

The Resale by the Selling Shareholders may cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

The resale of Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders, as well as the issuance of Ordinary Shares in this Offering could result in resales of our Ordinary Shares by our current shareholders concerned about the potential dilution of their holdings. In addition, the resale by the selling shareholders after expiration of the lock-up period could have the effect of depressing the market price for our Ordinary Shares.

Our share is expected to initially trade under $5.00 per ordinary share and thus could be known as a penny stock, subject to certain exceptions. Trading in penny stocks has certain restrictions and these restrictions could negatively affect the price and liquidity of our ordinary shares.

Our stock is expected to initially trade below $5.00 per share. As a result, our stock could be known as a “penny stock”, subject to certain exceptions, which is subject to various regulations involving disclosures to be given to you prior to the purchase of any penny stock. The SEC has adopted regulations which generally define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. Depending on market fluctuations, our Ordinary Shares could be considered to be a “penny stock”, subject to certain exceptions. A penny stock is subject to rules that impose additional sales practice requirements on broker/dealers who sell these securities to persons other than established members and accredited investors. For transactions covered by these rules, the broker/dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchase of these securities. In addition, a broker/dealer must receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to the purchase and must also provide certain written disclosures to the purchaser. Consequently, the “penny stock” rules may restrict the ability of broker/dealers to sell our Ordinary Shares, and may negatively affect the ability of holders of shares of our Ordinary Shares to resell them, if the “penny stock” rules apply. These disclosures require you to acknowledge that you understand the risks associated with buying penny stocks and that you can absorb the loss of your entire investment. Penny stocks generally do not have a very high trading volume. Consequently, the price of the stock is often volatile and you may not be able to buy or sell the stock when you want to.

Our share price may be volatile and may fluctuate.

Like other biotechnology companies, the market price of our Ordinary Shares may be volatile. The factors below may also have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Ordinary Shares:

•        fluctuations in our results of operations;

•        our ability to enter new markets;

•        negative publicity;

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards. We do not plan to “opt out” of such exemptions afforded to an emerging growth company. As a result of this election, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with public company effective dates.

We qualify as a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we will not be subject to U.S. proxy rules and will be subject to Exchange Act reporting obligations that permit less detailed and less frequent reporting than that of a U.S. domestic public company.

Upon the closing of this offering, we will report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information, or current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and the rules thereunder. Therefore, our shareholders may not know on a timely basis when our officers, directors and principal shareholders purchase or sell our Ordinary Shares. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until one hundred twenty (120) days after the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within seventy-five (75) days after the end of each fiscal year. Foreign private issuers also are exempt from Regulation Fair Disclosure, aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information. As a result of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are not foreign private issuers.

If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and Nasdaq rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly. We also expect that if we were required to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, it would make it more difficult and expensive for us to obtain and maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our board of directors.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. These practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to take advantage of certain provisions in the Nasdaq rules that allow us to follow our home country law for certain governance matters. Certain corporate governance practices in our home country, the Cayman Islands, may differ significantly from corporate governance listing standards. Currently, we

Our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from being traded on a national exchange under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our auditors for three consecutive years beginning in 2021. The delisting of our Ordinary Shares, or the threat of their being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. Our registered public accounting firm, BF Borgers CPA PC, is not headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong and was not identified in the PACOB’s Determination Report on December 16, 2021 as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCA Act, was enacted on December 18, 2020. The HFCA Act states if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit such ordinary shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the U.S.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act. A company will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCA Act, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Furthermore, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (“AHFCA Act”), which, if signed into law, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years. On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China, and (2) Hong Kong.

Our auditor, BF Borgers CPA PC, is an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB, and as an auditor of publicly traded companies in the U.S., is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Lakewood, CO, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor and our auditor was not identified in the PACOB’s Determination Report as a firm subject to the PCAOB’s determination.

However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us after considering the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, adequacy of personnel and training, or sufficiency of resources, geographic reach or experience as it relates to the audit of our financial statements.

The SEC may propose additional rules or guidance that could impact us if our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspection. For example, on August 6, 2020, the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, or the PWG, issued the Report on Protecting United States Investors from Significant Risks from Chinese Companies to the then President of the United States. This report recommended the SEC implement five recommendations to address companies from jurisdictions that do not provide the PCAOB with sufficient access to fulfil its statutory mandate. Some of the concepts of these recommendations were implemented with the enactment of the HFCA Act. However, some of the recommendations were more stringent than the HFCA Act. For example, if a company’s auditor was not subject to PCAOB inspection, the report recommended that the transition period before a company would be delisted would end on January 1, 2022.

The SEC has announced that the SEC staff is preparing a consolidated proposal for the rules regarding the implementation of the HFCA Act and to address the recommendations in the PWG report. It is unclear when the SEC will complete its rulemaking and when such rules will become effective and what, if any, of the PWG recommendations will be adopted. The implications of this possible regulation in addition to the requirements of the HFCA Act are uncertain. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to be materially and adversely affected, and our securities could be delisted or prohibited from being traded on the national securities exchange earlier than would be required by the HFCA Act. If our Ordinary Shares are unable to be listed on another securities exchange by then, such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our Ordinary Shares when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with a potential delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our Ordinary Shares.

The recent joint statement by the SEC and PCAOB, proposed rule changes submitted by Nasdaq, and the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our offering.

On April 21, 2020, SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in “Restrictive Market”, (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or board of director for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the applicant’s or listed company’s auditors.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or HFCA Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the issuer uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the issuer’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act. On December 18, 2020, the HFCA Act was signed into law.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC announced that it had adopted interim final amendments to implement congressionally mandated submission and disclosure requirements of the Act. The interim final amendments will apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report on Forms 10-K, 20-F, 40-F or N-CSR with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB has determined it is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction. The SEC will implement a process for identifying such a registrant and any such identified registrant will be required to submit documentation to the SEC establishing that it is not owned or controlled by a governmental entity in that foreign jurisdiction, and will also require disclosure in the registrant’s annual report regarding the audit arrangements of, and governmental influence on, such a registrant.

Furthermore, the HFCA Act, which requires that the PCAOB be permitted to inspect the issuer’s public accounting firm within three years, may result in the delisting of our Company in the future if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm at such future time.

In addition, on June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the AHFCA Act, which, if signed into law, would amend the HFCA Act and require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three consecutive years.

On November 5, 2021, the SEC approved the PCAOB’s Rule 6100, Board Determinations Under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act. Rule 6100 provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether it is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction. On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report which found that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China, and (2) Hong Kong.

The lack of access to the PCAOB inspection in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of the auditors based in China. As a result, the investors may be deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Our auditor, BF Borgers CPA PC, is an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB, and as an auditor of publicly traded companies in the U.S., is subject to laws in the U.S. pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. Our auditor is headquartered in Lakewood, CO, and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor.

However, the above recent developments may have added uncertainties to our offering and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us since we are an emerging growth company and a part of our operations are conducting in China.

We will have broad discretion in the use of proceeds of this offering designated for working capital and general corporate purposes.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for strengthening sales and marketing, research and development, and working capital and general corporate purposes, including future capital expenditures and increasing our liquidity. Within those categories, we have not determined the specific allocation of the net proceeds of this offering. Our management will have broad discretion over the use and investment of the net proceeds of this offering within those categories. Accordingly, investors in this offering have only limited information concerning management’s specific intentions and will need to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of proceeds.

Our co-founders, Mr. James Foster and Mr. Cameron Shaw, will continue to own a significant percentage of our Ordinary Shares and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholder approval.

As at the date of this prospectus, Mr. James Foster, our co-founder, director and Chief Executive Officer, beneficially owns 28.7% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company, and Mr. Cameron Shaw, our co-founder, director and Chief Operating Officer, beneficially owns 20.8% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company. Our co-founders collectively own 49.5% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company and after this offering is completed the co-founders will collectively own 43.6% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company, assuming the underwriters do not exercise the over-allotment option.

Additionally, as of the date of this prospectus and after the offering, Mr. James Foster and/or Mr. Cameron Shaw do not have any kinds of shareholders’ agreement with the following shareholders:

•        Ms. Fiona Foster, a non-selling shareholder, who is a relative of Mr. James Foster and owns approximately 0.6% and 0.6% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company before this and immediately after this offering, respectively;

•        Mr. Patrick Foster, a non-selling shareholder, who is the father of Mr. James Foster and owns approximately 10.5% and 9.3% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company before and immediately after this offering, respectively;

•        Ms. Anne Foster, a selling shareholder, who is the mother of Mr. James Foster and owns approximately 4.5% and 3.9% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company before this and immediately after this offering, respectively, assuming Ms. Anne Foster does not resell her shares immediately after the offering;

•        Ms. Ann Shaw, a selling shareholder, who is the mother of Mr. Cameron Shaw and owns approximately 4.6% and 4.0% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company before this and immediately after this offering, respectively, assuming Ms. Ann Shaw does not resell her shares immediately after the offering;

•        Mr. Alexander Shaw, a selling shareholder, who is the brother of Mr. Cameron Shaw and owns approximately 0.9% and 0.8% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company before this and immediately after this offering, respectively, assuming Mr. Alexander Shaw does not resell his shares immediately after the offering; and

•        Mr. Michael Shaw, a selling shareholder, who is the father of Mr. Cameron Shaw and owns approximately 4.6% and 4.1% of the Ordinary Shares of the Company before this and immediately after this offering, respectively, assuming Mr. Michael Shaw does not resell his shares immediately after the offering.

As a result, the co-founders may still be able to exert significant control over matters subject to shareholders’ approval even if the co-founders do not have any impact over Mr. Patrick Foster’s, Ms. Fiona Foster’s, Ms. Anne Foster’s, Ms. Ann Shaw’s, Mr. Alexander Shaw’s, and Mr. Michael Shaw’s voting decisions. Therefore, after this offering, the co-founders may still have the ability to substantially influence us through this ownership position. For example, the co-founders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. The co-founders’ interests may not always coincide with our corporate interests or the interests of other shareholders, and he may act in a manner with which you may not agree or that may not be in the best interests of our other shareholders. So long as the co-founders continue to own a

jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

We have been advised by our Cayman Islands legal counsel that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would:

•        recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States based on certain civil liability provisions of U.S. securities laws; and

•        entertain original actions brought in each respective jurisdiction against us or our directors or officers predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

There is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, although the courts of the Cayman Islands will in certain circumstances recognize and enforce a foreign judgment, without any re-examination or re-litigation of matters adjudicated upon, provided such judgment:

(a)     is given by a foreign court of competent jurisdiction;

(b)    imposes on the judgment debtor a liability to pay a liquidated sum for which the judgment has been given;

(c)     is final;

(d)    is not in respect of taxes, a fine or a penalty;

(e)     was not obtained by fraud; and

(f)     is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands.

Subject to the above limitations, in appropriate circumstances, a Cayman Islands court may give effect in the Cayman Islands to other kinds of final foreign judgments such as declaratory orders, orders for performance of contracts and injunctions.

Moreover, while under Delaware law, controlling shareholders owe fiduciary duties to the companies they control and their minority shareholders, under Cayman Islands law, our controlling shareholders do not owe any such fiduciary duties to our company or to our minority shareholders. Accordingly, our controlling shareholders may exercise their powers as shareholders, including the exercise of voting rights in respect of their shares, in such manner as they think fit.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our memorandum and articles of association will become effective and replace our current memorandum and articles of association in its entirety immediately prior to the completion of this offering and the sales of our Ordinary Shares by the selling shareholders pursuant to the Resale Prospectus filed contemporaneously herewith. Our directors have discretion under our memorandum and articles of association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders unless required by the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands or other applicable law or authorized by the directors or by ordinary resolution. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. Currently, we do not plan to rely on home country practices with respect to any corporate governance matter. To the extent we choose to follow home country practices with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by our management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital and Governing Documents — Comparison of Cayman Islands Corporate Law and U.S. Corporate Law.”

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the words “may,” “might,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “objective,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology intended to identify statements about the future. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other important factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements and opinions contained in this prospectus are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus and, while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. Forward-looking statements include statements about:

•        timing of the development of future business;

•        capabilities of our business operations;

•        expected future economic performance;

•        competition in our market;

•        continued market acceptance of our services and products;

•        protection of our intellectual property rights;

•        changes in the laws that affect our operations;

•        inflation and fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

•        our ability to obtain and maintain all necessary government certifications, approvals, and/or licenses to conduct our business;

•        continued development of a public trading market for our securities;

•        the cost of complying with current and future governmental regulations and the impact of any changes in the regulations on our operations;

•        managing our growth effectively;

•        projections of revenue, earnings, capital structure and other financial items;

•        fluctuations in operating results;

•        dependence on our senior management and key employees; and

•        other factors set forth under “Risk Factors.”

You should refer to the section titled “Risk Factors” for a discussion of important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this prospectus will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. This prospectus includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties, as well estimates by our management based on such data. The market data and estimates used in this prospectus involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data and estimates. While we believe that the information from these industry publications, surveys and studies is reliable, the industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of important factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

USE OF PROCEEDS

After deducting the estimated underwriter’s discount and offering expenses payable by us, we expect to receive net proceeds of approximately $6,106,225 (or $7,037,725 in the aggregate if the underwriter exercise its over-allotment option in full) from this offering.

We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

•        approximately 40% for research & development, obtaining product certification approvals in the territories we have identified, namely, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada, and establishing our distribution networks;

•        approximately 20% for expanding our staff & payroll;

•        approximately 10% for marketing & advertising our platforms;

•        approximately 10% for working capital;

•        approximately 10% for operating expenses;

•        approximately 5% for inventory purchases; and

•        approximately 5% for regulatory and compliance work.

We believe that the net proceeds allocation and our current cash resources are sufficient to fund our targeted territories for obtaining product certification approvals, namely, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada.

The precise amounts and percentage of proceeds we devote to particular categories of activity, and their priority of use, will depend on prevailing market and business conditions as well as on the nature of particular opportunities that may arise from time to time. Accordingly, we reserve the right to change the use of proceeds that we presently anticipate and describe herein.

The foregoing is set forth based on the order of priority of each purpose and represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business conditions to use and allocate the net proceeds of this offering. Our management, however, will have significant flexibility and discretion to apply the net proceeds of this offering. If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus.

We have agreed with the underwriters in this offering to establish an escrow account in the United States and to fund such account with the cash portion of any fees due and payable to the underwriters from this offering. The escrow account will be interest bearing, and we will be free to invest the assets in securities. All funds that are not subject to an indemnification claim will be returned to us after the applicable period expires.

DIVIDEND POLICY

For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, we have not declared any dividend. We do not anticipate declaring or paying dividends in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of September 30, 2021 on:

•        an actual basis; and

•        on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect the issuance and sale of 1,350,000 shares at an assumed initial public offering price of $5.00 per share after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

You should read this information together with our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus and the information set forth under the sections titled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data,” “Exchange Rate Information,” “Use of Proceeds” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

____________

(1)      Pro forma additional paid in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting underwriting fee, underwriter expense allowance and other expenses. We expect to receive net proceeds of approximately $6,106,225 (offering proceeds of $6,750,000, less underwriting discounts of $472,500, non-accountable expense of $50,625 and offering expenses of $120,650). The additional paid in capital reflects the net proceeds we expect to receive, after deducting underwriting discounts, Underwriter expense allowance and other expenses.

DILUTION

If you invest in our Ordinary Shares, you will incur immediate dilution since the public offering price per share you will pay in this offering is more than the net tangible book value per Ordinary Share immediately after this offering.

The net tangible book value of our Class A ordinary shares and Class B ordinary shares as of September 30, 2021 was $(798,011), or $0.08 per share based upon 2,556,575 Class A ordinary shares and 7,026,759 Class B ordinary shares outstanding. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets reduced by the amount of our total liabilities, divided by the total number of Ordinary Shares outstanding. Tangible assets equal our total assets less deferred tax assets and deferred offering cost.

The dilution in net tangible book value per share to new investors, represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares in this offering and the pro forma net tangible book value per share immediately after completion of this offering. After giving effect to the sale of the 1,350,000 shares being sold pursuant to this offering price of $5.00 per share and after deducting underwriter’s discount and commission payable by us in the amount of $472,500, non-accountable expenses of $50,625 payable to the underwriter and estimated offering expenses in the amount of $120,650, our pro forma net tangible book value would be approximately $5,308,214, or $0.47 per share of Ordinary Shares. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $0.55 per share to existing shareholders and an immediate decrease in net tangible book value of $4.53 per share to new investors purchasing the shares in this offering.

The following table illustrates this per share dilution:

Our adjusted pro forma net tangible book value after the offering, and the decrease to new investors in the offering, will change from the amounts shown above if the underwriter’s over-allotment option is exercised.

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price would increase (decrease) our pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering by approximately $0.11, and increase the dilution per share to new investors by approximately $0.11, after deducting the underwriter’s discount and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The following table sets forth, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of September 30, 2021, the difference between the number of Ordinary Shares purchased from us, the total cash consideration paid, and the average price per share paid by our existing shareholders and by new public investors before deducting estimated underwriter’s discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, using an assumed public offering price of $5.00 per Ordinary Share:

The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our Ordinary Shares and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Structural Overview

Virax Cayman is a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands that owns all of the outstanding capital stock of Virax Biolabs (UK) Limited, our wholly-owned United Kingdom subsidiary. Virax Biolabs (UK) Limited, in turn, owns all of the outstanding capital stock of Virax Biolabs Limited, our wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiary. Virax Biolabs Limited owns all of the outstanding capital stock of Virax Immune T-Cell, our wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiary, and 95.65% of the outstanding capital stock of Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited, our operating subsidiary incorporated in Singapore. Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited owns all of the outstanding capital stock of Logico Bioproducts Corp., a wholly-owned British Virgin Islands and a subsidiary of Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited. Logico Bioproducts Corp., in turn, owns all of the outstanding capital stock of Shanghai Xitu, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Logico Bioproducts Corp. and a wholly foreign owned enterprise based in China.

We completed the Reorganization in September 2021. Pursuant to the Reorganization, all shareholders of Virax Biolabs Limited (HK) transferred their shares, 102,478,548 ordinary shares in total, to Virax Biolabs (UK) Limited, in exchange for an aggregate of (i) 2,549,028 newly issued Class A Ordinary Shares and (ii) 7,034,306 newly issued Class B Ordinary Shares of Virax Biolabs Group Limited. On June 19, 2022, Virax Cayman underwent a shareholding restructuring whereby the Company’s authorized share capital became a single class of shares of Ordinary Shares and all of the then issued shares were re-designated as Ordinary Shares.

Organization Structure and Purpose

Virax Biolabs Group Limited — Virax Biolabs Group Limited is a Cayman Islands exempted company incorporated on September 2, 2021, previously named as “Virax Biolabs (Cayman) Limited” and effected a name change to “Virax Biolabs Group Limited” on January 19, 2022. Structured as a holding company with no material operations, Virax Cayman conducts its operations through its operations subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Singapore, British Virgin Islands and China.

Virax Biolabs (UK) Limited — Virax Biolabs (UK) Limited was incorporated on August 19, 2021 under the laws of the United Kingdom, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Virax Cayman and structured as a holding company with no material operations.

Virax Biolabs Limited — Virax Biolabs Limited, incorporated on April 14, 2020 under the laws of Hong Kong, was previously named as “Shanghai Biotechnology Devices Limited” and effected a name change to “Virax Biolabs Limited” on July 12, 2021. Virax Biolabs Limited, our wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiary, serves as a holding company.

Virax Immune T-Cell Medical Device Company Limited — Virax Immune T-Cell Medical Device Company Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of HKco, incorporated on January 16, 2017 under the laws of Hong Kong, was previously named as “Stork Nutrition Asia Limited” and effected a name change to “Virax Immune T-Cell Medical Device Company Limited” on September 10, 2021. It is primarily engaged in the research and development of T-Cell blood analysis.

Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited — Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited, incorporated on May 4, 2013 under the laws of Singapore, was previously named as “Natural Source Group Pte. Limited” and effected a name change to Virax Biolabs Pte. Limited on July 2, 2021. 95.65% of its capital stock is owned by Virax Biolabs Limited and the remaining 4.35% is owned by independent third party shareholders. It is our operating company, primarily engaged in the trading and sales of our products and running primarily day to day operations.

Logico Bioproducts Corp. — Logico Bioproducts Corp., a wholly-owned subsidiary of SingaporeCo, is a limited liability company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands on January 21, 2011, and is primarily engaged in the trading and sales of our products.

Shanghai Xitu Consulting Co., Limited — Shanghai Xitu, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Logico BVI and a wholly foreign owned enterprise, is a limited liability company incorporated on October 27, 2017 in China. Shanghai Xitu is primarily engaged in procurement.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure immediately following the consummation of this offering:

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following tables summarize our selected consolidated financial data for the periods and as of the dates indicated. The summary consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and the summary consolidated balance sheets data as of September 30, 2021 are derived from our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary consolidated statements of operations for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, and the summary consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2021 and 2020 are derived from our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and audited in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), and included elsewhere in this prospectus. The summary consolidated statements of operations for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 and the summary consolidated balance sheets data as of September 30, 2021 are derived from our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. The condensed financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal and recurring adjustments, that we consider necessary for a fair representation of our financial position and operating results for the periods presented. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results do not necessarily indicate results expected for any future periods. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future. The following summary consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Summary of Operations in U.S. Dollars

Balance Sheet in U.S. Dollars

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion and analysis and other parts of this prospectus contain forward-looking statements based upon current beliefs, plans and expectations that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of several factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. You should carefully read the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements.

Overview

Virax Cayman is a holding company incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, Virax Cayman conducts its operations through its operating subsidiaries in Singapore, Hong Kong, China and British Virgin Islands and has been operating since 2013. Prior to the introduction of Virax branded products in 2020, the Group was engaged in the FMCG importation business into the PRC.

Our product portfolio includes (i) diagnostics test kits sold through our “ViraxClear” brand; (ii) med-tech and PPE products sold through our “ViraxCare” brand; and Sourced Brands. Currently, our Group does not manufacture or develop any product that we sell in our product portfolio and we act as a distributor of third-party suppliers’ products. However, we believe our products, in particular diagnostic test kits, provide significant value for consumers, through improved detection of diseases, improvements in health, wellness and productivity as well as by reducing other healthcare costs, such as emergency visits and hospitalizations. Our Group also seeks to maximize consumers’ access to our products and services through competitive pricing and regular evaluations of our pricing arrangements and contracts with our distributors. Our Group also expects to develop and launch an upcoming brand, “Virax Immune”, with the intention of providing an immunology profiling platform that assesses each individual’s immune risk profile against major global viral diseases. Currently, we have developed a functioning prototype of T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand but we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any T-Cell IVD Test to any regulatory agency for approval. We believe that the T-Cell IVD Tests and immunology platform we are developing under the Virax Immune brand will be particularly useful in the diagnosis and threat analysis of the major viruses faced globally.

Currently, the end-users of our distribution partners under our ViraxClear brand include but not limited to, clinics, pharmacies, laboratories, hospitals, and other relevant groups on an international basis, covering more than 10 countries and 4 regions, including but not limited to Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Sub-Saharan Africa, and we expect to extend our geographical reach to North America in 2022, while the end-users of our dedicated online platforms sales under our ViraxClear brand are predominately individuals and pharmacies. The end-users of our ViraxCare products are predominately corporations, employees, and individual consumers.

Our sales of Virax branded products commenced in 2020 and we will require adequate proceeds from this offering to further commercialize ViraxClear and ViraxCare, to test and commercialize and further develop our Virax Immune products.

Business Model

Virax Cayman is a global innovative biotechnology group that primarily engages in sales, distribution and marketing of diagnostics test kits and med-tech and PPE products for the prevention, detection, diagnosis and risk management of viral diseases with a particular interest in the field of immunology.

Currently, we have two commercialized brands and an upcoming brand that produce a robust pipeline of products and services which diagnose, monitor, and enable the treatment of viral diseases. Our commercialized brands are ViraxClear and ViraxCare, which have been put into market since 2020, and we aim to launch the Virax Immune brand in 2022.

ViraxClear is a diagnostics distributor, which distributes primarily the following COVID-19 test kits we source from third-party suppliers, including: (i) Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test; (ii) Antigen Test; (iii) Polymerase Chain Reaction (“PCR”) Rapid Test; and (iv) Neutralizing Antibody Tests. We have been distributing and selling those products in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia and are continuing to penetrate new markets, such as North America, by working with strategic distribution partners and selling on our own online platform. We are also seeking to grow the product offering to leverage our existing and growing distribution network.

ViraxCare provides innovative med-tech and PPE products. The product range includes: (i) employee protection equipment (“EPE”) products designed by us and produced and assembled by third-party suppliers pursuant to our manufacturing specifications, including infrared thermometers, pulse oximeters, masks, gloves, and other PPE; and (ii) sourced brands from third-party suppliers for our distribution, including but not limited to nebulizing machines and smart wearable devices that alert employees to help them follow social distance guidelines.

Currently, to facilitate the sales and distribution of our ViraxClear and ViraxCare products, we predominately rely on our key suppliers, Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co., Ltd in China for diagnostics test kits and Venus Health Consulting Limited in Hong Kong for med-tech and PPE products, for product manufacturing. After we receive our ViraxCare and ViraxClear products from our suppliers, we utilize a third party logistic company, namely, Stork Up Limited in Hong Kong, for the distribution of our products to our end-users and strategic partners overseas.

Virax Immune is our primary focus. We are developing proprietary T-Cell Test technology with the intention of providing an immunology profiling platform that assesses each individual’s immune risk profile against major global viral threats. The first IVD test we are developing is a COVID-19 T-Cell IVD test kit, which will be submitted for regulatory approval in Canada, Europe, United Kingdom and the United States initially, could be an important diagnostic tool to identify diseases including but not limited to Human Papillomavirus (better known as HPV), Malaria, Hepatitis B, and Herpes (better known as HSV-1). Virax Immune is primarily focused on the proprietary development of our T-Cell IVD test linked to our immunology software application. Currently, we have developed a functioning prototype of T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune Brand but we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any T-Cell IVD Test to any regulatory agency for approval. Our research activities for our T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand are conducted by an independent third party science company named IQ Services B.V. (the “Study Team”) in the Netherlands. All intellectual property rights developed during the course of the research activities by the Study Team belongs to our Group. As of the date of this prospectus, we have not commenced sales of our Virax Immune products.

As of January 2022, we are currently conducting preclinical trials on our new T-Cell IVD test kit seeking to detect T-Cell immune responses to major global viral diseases, in particular to COVID-19. Our subsequent clinical trials will be conducted in the Netherlands by ICON Clinical Research Limited, an independent third party science company. Initially, volunteers and/or patients are screened based on a list of criteria in order for the eligible participants to be chosen to participate in the trial. Once chosen, blood samples are taken from eligible participants. Currently, there are approximately 100 eligible participants. After the blood samples are taken, they are sent and reviewed by IQ Services B.V. The study team identifies the presence of various markers/protein, including but not limited to T-Cell markers & SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies. Once they identify the blood samples with the various markers/protein, the relevant samples are tested on our T-Cell IVD test kit. Depending on the accuracy of the number of positive test results returned, it will validate our T-Cell IVD test kit, and thus, we view IQ Services B.V.’s research and findings as an integral part of Virax Immune’s success.

Key Factors that Affect Operating Results

We believe the following key factors may affect our financial condition and results of operations:

•        our ability to achieve product certification approvals for all our products in the jurisdictions we planned to expand into;

•        our ability to proceed through clinical and validation studies successfully conducted by a third party science company of our proprietary technology T-Cell testing under the Virax Immune brand;

•        our ability to further commercialize our ViraxClear, ViraxCare and test and commercialize Virax Immune products;

•        our ability to sign sales distribution agreements in the jurisdictions planned and distribute our products to our end-users and strategic partners overseas through a third party logistic company;

•        our ability to launch successful marketing and sales activities to sell our products;

•        our ability to agree to production agreements with our potential suppliers and maintain relationship with our existing suppliers for our range of test kits and at competitive prices;

•        our ability to raise additional funds for operations; and

•        our ability to enhance our operational efficiency.

Effects of COVID-19 on the Group

If the current outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic continues to grow, the effects of such a widespread infectious disease and epidemic may inhibit our ability to conduct our business and operations and could materially harm our Group. COVID-19 may cause us to have to reduce operations as a result of various lock-down procedures enacted by the relevant local, state or federal government in the jurisdictions where we operate, which could restrict the movement of our staff and the ability to recruit new staff when required, distributors and suppliers. COVID-19 may also cause a decrease in spending by potential customers of our products as a result of the economic turmoil resulting from the spread of COVID-19 and thereby having a negative effect on our ability to generate revenue. Further, if there is a spread of the coronavirus within any of our operating jurisdictions, it may cause local disruptions and could potentially cause a specific location to be entirely quarantined. The continued COVID-19 outbreak may also restrict our ability to raise funding when needed. The specific and actual effects of the spread of coronavirus on the Group are difficult to assess at this time as the actual effects will depend on many factors beyond our control and knowledge. The spread of COVID-19 and related mutations of this virus, if it continues, may cause an overall decline in the economies we plan to operate in as a whole and also may materially harm our Group.

Notwithstanding the foregoing possible negative impacts on our business and results of operations, up until now, we do not believe our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations have been materially negatively impacted by the coronavirus pandemic and related shutdowns. We believe the worldwide response to this pandemic and new variations of this virus has raised awareness of and the need for our products. More specifically, we have been successful at commercializing our current suite of products for coronavirus detection but also other viral threats that we source from third-party suppliers. Currently, we are in the process of developing products that help to determine an individual’s likely immunological response to a particular virus.

Notwithstanding, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our operations remains unknown and will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration of the coronavirus outbreak, new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus pandemic, and any additional preventative and protective actions that governments, or our Group, may direct, which may result in an extended period of business disruption and reduced operations. The long-term financial impact cannot be reasonably estimated at this time and may ultimately have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Results from Operations

Years Ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

Revenues

The principal activities of the Group for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 were initial sales of ViraxClear, COVID-19 IVD test kits, and ViraxCare, high-quality MedTech and PPE. In 2020, we scaled down our FMCG importation business into the PRC to focus on developing our Virax branded products. During the fiscal years 2020 and 2021, the Group was approached and provided consulting fees to third parties on biotech opportunities into and out of the PRC. In the long term, this activity will not be a focus for the Group.

It is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the financial performance of the Group due to the change in our business focus for the Group since 2020. Revenue was $123,820 and $99,876 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing an increase of approximately 24.0%. During for the year ended March 31, 2021 our Group sold our first Virax products for an aggregate amount of $104,820. The consulting revenue of $19,000 for the year ended March 31, 2021 was related to providing consulting services to assisting third parties in designing mobile application and other distribution formats for sales of biotechnology products of other companies into and out of the PRC.

The previous financial year prior to the launch of ViraxClear and ViraxCare the Group’s total revenue was $99,876 for the year ended March 31, 2020 and was related to $63,876 from the final contracts for the importation of food products into the PRC, and $36,000 from providing consulting services.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was $133,254 and $54,127, respectively, representing a significant increase of 146%. The significant increase was related to the purchase cost of testing kits and PPE products from our suppliers and associated transportation costs from the Group’s first sales of ViraxClear and ViraxCare products.

Of the $133,254 incurred for the year ended March 31, 2021, all the cost was related to the purchase of ViraxCare PPE products ViraxClear test kits. We had no costs associated with the consultancy revenue.

Of the $54,127 incurred for the year ended March 31, 2020, all of the costs were related to our previous business of the importation of food products in the PRC. We had no costs associated with the consultancy revenue.

Gross profit

It is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the margins earned in 2021 and 2020 respectively. Gross profit for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was ($9,434) and $45,749, respectively, representing a significant decrease of approximately 120.62%. The significant decrease was due to the lower gross profit margin and the roll out from the first trial sales of Virax’s products.

Of the gross profit generated in 2021 Virax products had a loss of $28,434. Consulting generated $19,000 of gross profit.

Of the gross profit generated in 2020 our previous food business made a profit of $9,749 and consulting generated $36,000 of gross profit.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses were $635,104 and $696,993 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing an decrease of approximately 8.9%.

The increase in sales and marketing costs were primarily related to the development of the Group’s new Virax brands, packaging and websites that were commenced in 2020 and 2021.

For the year ended March 31, 2021, approximately 73% and 50% of our chief executive officer’s, Mr. James Foster, and our chief operating officer’s, Mr. Cameron Shaw, consulting costs amounting to $120,221 were related to research and development expenses to introduce, innovate and improve the Group’s products and services. Consulting costs to our chief executive officer and chief operating officer is considered as research and development expenses when a proportion of the relevant employee’s time is dedicated to research and development work for the Group. For the year ended March 31, 2020, the cost represented an allocation of 73% of our chief executive officer’s consulting costs only and amounted to $87,000. For further details on our research and development capabilities, please refer to “Business — Our Competitive Strengths — Expanding Research and Development Capabilities” section. The research and development expenses amounted to $120,221 and $87,000 in 2021 and 2020, respectively. During the fiscal years 2021 and 2020, the Group was able to use its internal resources to progress its research and development activities due to the early stages of development of its Virax branded products. Since April 2021, the Group started to engage external parties, namely, selected third-party specialist research and development companies and contracted consultants and scientists, to assist with its research and development as its portfolio moves into concept validation and testing.

General and Administration costs amounted to $457,680 and $602,303 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. It is too early to draw meaningful conclusions of the future level of General and Administration expenses based upon fiscal years 2021 and 2020, respectively, as a large portion of these costs relate to the Group’s FMCG importation business into the PRC. For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Group incurred costs amounting to $11,429 and $49,196 in scaling down its FMCG import operations. The Group also did not incur any listing related expenses related to its preparation of an initial public offering.

Consultancy fees payable to our chief executive officer and our chief executive officer amounted to $64,222 and $33,000 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the year ending March 31, 2021, the cost represents the remaining 27% and 50% respectively of their consulting costs were not allocated to research and development. For the year ending March 31, 2020, the cost represents an allocation of 73% of our chief executive officer’s consulting costs only. SingaporeCo also incurred consultancy costs of $70,000 in the year to March 31, 2021 related to advice and assistance in introducing to the Group suppliers in China of relevant medical devices and equipment.

For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the remaining costs were (i) short term rental and related occupancy costs amounted to $32,137 and $24,008, respectively; (ii) professional, outsourced accounting and legal fees amounted to $132,004 and $382,174, respectively; (iii) payroll expenses and related HR costs amounted to $85,963 and $73,735, respectively; (iv) travel expenses amounted to $18,183 and $13,292, respectively; and (v) the remaining from miscellaneous expenses amounted to $43,742 and $26,898, respectively. The cost of pursuing the arbitration award mentioned in the notes to the consolidated financial statements “Note 13 — Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” over the two fiscal years of 2021 and 2020 amounted in aggregate to $188,000 with $54,000 incurred in 2021 and $134,000 in 2020.

Income tax (expense) benefit

Income tax (expenses) was $0 and $0 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, since the Group is currently loss making.

Total other (Income) Expense and Other, Net

For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, our total other expenses was $28,377 and $88,220 respectively. Interest expenses amounted to $28,643 and $90,690 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and was related to interest on the sums advanced by shareholders to SingaporeCo for working capital purposes.

Net loss

For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, our net loss was $672,915 and $739,464 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As previously discussed earlier it is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the financial performance of the Group due to the change in business focus during this period.

Six Months Ended September 30, 2021 and 2020

Revenues

It is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the financial performance of the Group due to the change in our business focus for the Group since 2020. In the six months to September 30, 2020, we had scaled down our FMCG importation business into the PRC to focus on developing our Virax branded products and also reduced our consulting activities further. During the six months ended September 30, 2021, the Group’s strategic focus was to concentrate on continuing to develop its Virax Immune product for market and in preparing Virax Cayman for a capital raising event to support the commercialization of its brands, Virax Clear and Virax Care, and the further development of Virax Immune brand.

Revenue was $0 and $14,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As a consequence of the strategic decision to focus our efforts as mentioned above revenue was $0 in the six months to September 30, 2021. The consulting revenue of $14,000 for six months ended September 30, 2020 was related to providing consulting services to third parties in designing mobile application and other distribution formats for sales of biotechnology products of other companies into and out of the PRC. In the long term, this activity will not be a focus for the Group.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was $0 and $0, respectively.

Gross profit

It is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the margins earned during the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 respectively. Gross profit for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 was $0 and $14,000, respectively. The significant decrease was due to the change of strategic focus mentioned above.

Of the gross profit generated during the six months ended September 30, 2020, consulting generated $14,000 of the gross profit.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses were $566,740 and $385,459 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, representing an increase of approximately 47%.

The decrease in sales and marketing costs for the six months ended September 30, 2021 as compared to six months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily related to the Group’s decision to not focus on sales of Virax Clear and Virax Care but to develop its Virax Immune product for market development. For six months ended September 30, 2020, the development of the Group’s new Virax Clear and Virax Care brands, packaging, and websites commenced.

For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, approximately 73% and 50% of our chief executive officer’s, Mr. James Foster’s consulting costs amounted to $51,577 and $43,500, respectively, and our chief operating officer’s, Mr. Cameron Shaw’s consulting costs amounted to $15,000 and $15,000, respectively were related to research and development expenses to introduce, innovate, and improve the Group’s products and services. In addition, for the six months ended September 30, 2021, 100% of the share-based compensation awards and consulting costs amounted to $41,520, payable to Mr. Tomasz George and Mr. Mark Ternouth, relating to their positions as chief scientific officer and chief technical officer, were classified as being related to research and development expenses. The research and development expenses amounted to $108,097 and $58,500 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

General and Administration costs amounted to $454,582 and $284,818 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A large portion of the costs, $262,764, for the six months ended September 30, 2021, related to share-based compensation awards to two advisory board members to act as consultants to assist in the future strategic development of the Group. For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Group incurred costs amounted to $0 and $4,502 in scaling down its FMCG import operations. The Group also did not incur any listing related expenses related to its preparation of an initial public offering.

Consultancy fees payable to our chief executive officer amounted to $71,141 and $60,000 and to our chief operating officer amounted to $30,000 and $30,000 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the cost represents the remaining approximately 27% and 50% respectively of their consulting costs that were not allocated to research and development.

For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the remaining costs were (i) short term rental and related occupancy costs amounted to $3,140 and $17,835, respectively; (ii) professional, outsourced accounting and legal fees amounted to $119,749 and $93,438, respectively; (iii) payroll expenses and related HR costs amounted to $24,852 and $37,850, respectively; (iv) travel expenses amounted to $390 and $970, respectively; and (v) the remaining from miscellaneous expenses (excluding the $262,764 in share based compensation awards to consultants mentioned above)

amounted to $33,802 and $14,298, respectively. The cost of pursuing the arbitration award mentioned in the notes to the consolidated financial statements “Note 14 — Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets” for six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 amounted to $0 and $54,000, respectively.

Income tax (expense) benefit

Income tax (expenses) was $0 and $0 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, since the Group had a net loss.

Total other (Income) Expense and Other, Net

For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, our total other expenses was $8,300 and $18,122 respectively. Interest expenses amounted to $14,144 and $18,129 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and was related to interest on the sums advanced by shareholders to SingaporeCo for working capital purposes.

Net loss

For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, our net loss was $575,040 and $389,581, respectively. As previously discussed earlier it is too early to draw meaningful conclusions from the financial performance of the Group due to the change in business focus during this period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

For the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

To date the Group has financed its operations primarily through capital contributions and loans from shareholders. Net cash used in operating activities was $590,186 and $744,613 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in cash used for operations was mainly due to reduced losses as the Group scaled down its FMCG importation business during the year ended March 31, 2021 and costs associated with the arbitration mentioned above offset by increased marketing and R&D costs associated with developing our Virax brands during the year ended March 31, 2021.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0 and $0 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $585,198 and $704,639 for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in cash flows from financing activities was due to a decrease in advances received from related parties from $704,639 in 2020 to $181,982 in 2021 offsetting an increase in shares issued for cash in the fiscal year 2021 of $403,216 compared to the fiscal year 2020 of $0.

The Group has an accumulated deficit of approximately $4.6 million at March 31, 2021. Currently, we have not generated consistent cash flows to fund our operations yet. As of March 31, 2021, the Group had a cash balance of $17,621.

We plan to support our future research and development program, obtain product certification approvals in the territories we have identified, to establish our distribution networks, and for general working capital and expenses purposes from part of our initial public offering’s net proceeds. We may, however, over the longer term require additional capital to fund further R&D expenditure.

At present, we have not generated any significant revenue from existing operations. Our continued existence is dependent on our ability to obtain necessary financing to fund working capital, complete the planned product certification approvals in the territories we have identified and to establish our distribution networks. We do not expect to generate sufficient internal cash flows to finance these costs in the foreseeable future.

As noted above, the continuation of our current business plan requires us to raise significant additional capital. If we are successful in raising capital through the sale of Ordinary Shares offered for sale in this offering, we believe that we will have sufficient cash resources to fund our plan of operations and our working capital requirements through 2022 and 2023. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail our business plans. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for primarily research and development program, obtaining product certification approvals in the territories we have identified, establishing our distribution networks and for general working capital and expenses purposes. For further details on our use of proceeds from this offering, please refer to “Use of Proceeds” section.

We will continually evaluate our business plans to determine the manner in which we can most effectively utilize our limited working capital resources. The timing of completion of all aspects of our business plan is highly dependent upon the availability of capital to implement each aspect of the business plan as well as other factors beyond our control.

If our future cash is insufficient to meet our requirements, we may further to seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain additional credit facilities. To the extent additional funding is not achieved this will delay our business plans.

Cash Flows

For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020

To date the Group has financed its operations primarily through capital contributions and loans from shareholders. Net cash used in operating activities was $278,684 and $419,457 for the six months ended September 30. 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in cash used for operations was mainly due to the decision to focus on the development of its Virax Immune product and to reduce other commercial activities while it was preparing Virax Cayman for a capital raising event as mentioned above.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0 and $0 for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $272,739 and $461,966 for the six months ended September 30. 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in cash flows from financing activities was primarily due to fewer new shares being issued. The Group did raise a convertible $100,000 loan note which has subsequently been converted into shares.

The Group has an accumulated deficit of approximately $5.2 million at September 30, 2021. Currently, we have not generated consistent cash flows to fund our operations yet. As of September 30, 2021, the Group had a cash balance of $11,676.

We plan to support our future research and development program, obtain product certification approvals in the territories we have identified, to establish our distribution networks, and for general working capital and expenses purposes from part of our initial public offering’s net proceeds. We may, however, over the longer term require additional capital to fund further R&D expenditure.

At present, we have not generated any significant revenue from existing operations. Our continued existence is dependent on our ability to obtain necessary financing to fund working capital, complete the planned product certification approvals in the territories we have identified and to establish our distribution networks. We do not expect to generate sufficient internal cash flows to finance these costs in the foreseeable future.

As noted above, the continuation of our current business plan requires us to raise significant additional capital. If we are successful in raising capital through the sale of Ordinary Shares offered for sale in this offering, we believe that we will have sufficient cash resources to fund our plan of operations and our working capital requirements through 2022 and 2023. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail our business plans. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering for primarily research and development program, obtaining product certification approvals in the territories we have identified, establishing our distribution networks and for general working capital and expenses purposes. For further details on our use of proceeds from this offering, please refer to “Use of Proceeds” section.

We will continually evaluate our business plans to determine the manner in which we can most effectively utilize our limited working capital resources. The timing of completion of all aspects of our business plan is highly dependent upon the availability of capital to implement each aspect of the business plan as well as other factors beyond our control.

If our future cash is insufficient to meet our requirements, we may further to seek to issue debt or equity securities or obtain additional credit facilities. To the extent additional funding is not achieved this will delay our business plans.

Commitments and Contingencies

Capital Expenditures

For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, the Group had $0 capital expenditure.

We do not have any contractual obligations for ongoing capital expenditures at this time.

Lease commitment

The Group entered into short term lease agreements for an office in the United Kingdom, one unit in Hong Kong and one unit in Shanghai, with expiration dates in May 2022, September 2022 and June 2022, respectively. All the previous leases have been terminated. The Group’s commitments for minimum lease payments under this operating lease as of March 31, 2021 and as at September 30, 2021 are as follows:

(ii) Transactions and balances

Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at year-end exchange rates are generally recognized in profit or loss. They are deferred in other comprehensive income if they relate to qualifying cash flow hedges.

Income tax

The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses.

The current income tax expense or credit is calculated on the basis of the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in the countries where Virax Cayman and its subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Although Virax Cayman is organized as a Cayman Islands corporation, it is subject to income and other taxes in various other jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, China, and Singapore. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation. It establishes provisions where appropriate on the basis of amounts expected to be paid to (or recovered from) the tax authorities.

Deferred income tax is provided in full, using the liability method, on temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred income tax is determined using tax rates (and laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period and are expected to apply when the related deferred income tax asset is realized or the deferred income tax liability is settled.

Deferred tax assets are recognized only if it is probable that future taxable profit will be available to utilize those temporary differences and losses.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority.

Current and deferred tax is recognized in profit or loss, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income, in which case the tax is also recognized in other comprehensive income.

Cash and cash equivalents

For the purposes of presentation in the consolidated statement of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash in hand, deposits held at call with financial institutions, and, if applicable, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Impairment of assets

Goodwill is not subject to amortization and is tested annually for impairment or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate it might be impaired. Other assets are tested for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized in profit or loss for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use and is calculated with reference to future discounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate when considered as part of a cash-generating unit. Assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal of the impairment at the end of each reporting period. If an impairment subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment charge been recognized for the asset in prior years.

Segmented information

The Group has one reportable segment as of March 31, 2021 and 2020 in the distribution of diagnostics test kits and PPE products. The chief operating decision maker is responsible for allocating resources and assessing performance obtains financial information, being the consolidated statements of operations, consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flow, about the Group as a whole.

Revenue from contracts with customers

Revenues are generally recognized upon the transfer of control of promised products or services provided to our customers, reflecting the amount of consideration we expect to receive for those products or services. We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are generally capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations. Revenue is recognized net of any taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities. The revenue recognition policy is consistent for sales generated directly with customers and sales generated indirectly through solution partners and resellers.

Revenues are recognized upon the application of the following steps:

1.      Identification of the contract or contracts with a customer;

2.      Identification of the performance obligations in the contract;

3.      Determination of the transaction price;

4.      Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

5.      Recognition of revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied.

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of billing our customers. We receive payments from customers based on a billing schedule as established in our contracts. Contract assets are recognized when performance is completed in advance of scheduled billings. Deferred revenue is recognized when billings are in advance of performance under the contract. Our revenue arrangements include standard warranty provisions that our products and services will perform and operate in all material respects with the applicable published specifications, the financial impacts of which have historically been, and are expected to continue to be insignificant. Our contracts do not include a significant financing component.

Our products are generally sold without a right of return, so no variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. Returns and credits are estimated at contract inception and updated at the end of each reporting period if additional information becomes available.

Revenue is recognized at the point at which control of the underlying products are transferred to the customer. Satisfaction of our performance obligations occur upon the transfer of control of products, either from our facilities or directly from suppliers to customers. We consider customer purchase orders to be the contracts with a customer. All revenue is generated from contracts with customers.

Consulting revenues

Consulting revenues primarily include fees received for consulting services. Revenue from the mobile app platform is recognized at the date of product delivery given that all of our obligations have been met at that time. Revenue from consulting and sales of non Virax products are recognized at the point at which control of the underlying products are transferred to the customer.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to the notes to the consolidated financial statements for a complete description of recent accounting standards which we have not yet been required to implement and may be applicable to our operation, as well as those significant accounting standards that have been adopted during the current year.

Trend Information

As we are still in the early phase of commercializing our suite of products, we are unable to identify any recent trends in revenue or expenses. As a result, we are unable to identify any known trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events involving our business that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our revenues, income from operations, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that would cause the reported financial information in this offering to not be indicative of future operating results or financial condition.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an “emerging growth company”, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act. As such, we are eligible to take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to SEC reporting companies that are not emerging growth companies. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to, among other things:

•        present more than two years of audited financial statements and two years of related selected financial data and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations disclosure in our registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part;

•        have an auditor report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; and

•        disclose certain executive compensation related items.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year during which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the Exchange Act, which means the market value of our Common Shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period.

We have taken advantage of certain of the reduced reporting requirements as a result of being an emerging growth company and a foreign private issuer. Accordingly, the information that we provide in this prospectus may be different than the information you may receive from other public companies in which you hold equity interests. If some investors find our securities less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our securities and the prices of our securities may be more volatile.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Risk management overview

We had exposure to credit, liquidity and market risks from its use of financial instruments. This note provides information about our exposure to each of these risk, our objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk. Further quantitative disclosures are included throughout these consolidated financial statements.

Credit risk

Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to us if a counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations and arises principally from our cash held with banks and other financial intermediaries.

The carrying amount of the cash represents the maximum credit exposure which amounted to $11,676 as at September 30, 2021 and $17,621 and $22,609 as at March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We had assessed no significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition based on the availability of funds, the regulatory and economic environment of the financial intermediary. As a result, the loss allowance recognized during the period was limited to 12 months expected credit losses. Based on historical information, and adjusted for forward-looking expectations, we had assessed a zero loss allowance on this cash balance as at September 30, 2021, March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Market risk

Market risk is the risk that changes in market conditions, such as commodity prices, foreign exchange rates, and interest rates, will affect our net income or the value of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to manage and control market risk exposures within acceptable limits, while maximizing our returns.

Foreign exchange risk

Foreign currency exchange rate risk is the risk that the fair value of future cash flows will fluctuate as a result of changes in foreign exchange rates. We do not currently use foreign exchange contracts to hedge its exposure to currency rate risk as management has determined that this risk is not significant at this point in time. As such, our financial position and financial results may be adversely affected by the unfavorable fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

As at September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, we had the following monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies:

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will encounter difficulty in meeting obligations associated with the financial liabilities. Our financial liabilities consist of trade payables and accrued liabilities of $496,025, $496,626 and $415,015 and due to shareholder and related payable of $449,606, $374,809 and $822,717 as at September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We had cash of $11,676, $17,621 and $22,609 as at September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Our policy is to review liquidity resources and ensure that sufficient funds are available to meet financial obligations as they become due. Further, our management is responsible for ensuring funds exist and are readily accessible to support business opportunities as they arise.

Trade payables and accrued liabilities consist of invoices payable to trade suppliers for administration and professional expenditures. We process invoices within a normal payment period. Trade payables have contractual maturities of less than 90 days.

Concentration risk

Five customers and three customers accounted for 98% and 100% of the Group’s sales for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Accounts receivable from these customers was $928 and $0 as of March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

There are three suppliers accounted for 100% and 0% of our total purchases, respectively, for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

The Group had no sales or purchases in the six months ended September 30, 2021.

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus and any free writing prospectus we prepare or authorize. Unless otherwise indicated, all information and data provided in the section is cited from the industry report issued by Netscribes. Although we believe the data and information included in the Netscribes report to be reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the information and data included therein. This section also includes projections based on a number of assumptions. The in-vitro diagnostic, global healthcare, and related industries may not grow at the rate projected by market data, or at all. Failure of these markets to grow at the projected rate may have a material and adverse effect on our business and the market price of the Ordinary Shares.

Global Healthcare Expenditure

Global Healthcare Expenditure has seen quite an instrumental transition across the last two decades or so. Across low-income countries, the average health spending was only US$ 41 a person in 2017, compared with US$ 2,937 in high-income countries which indicates a difference of more than 70 times. High income countries account for about 80% of global spending, but the middle-income country share increased from approximately 13% to 19% of global spending between 2000 and 2017. Eventually, with the spiraling growth of the healthcare sector, the globally affluent economies became less reliant on out-of-pocket spending. The total out-of-pocket spending more than doubled in low and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017 and increased approximately 46% in high income countries.

In the wake of the pandemic, medical expenditures have declined in some countries. Although resources are being invested in containing the spread of the virus, non-urgent health care investments have been reduced or cancelled. Patients prefer staying at home in fear of contracting the virus and hesitate to be a burden on healthcare workers. In the coming five years, the overall medical spending in several developed countries is expected to recover with the surge in healthcare expenditure, as waiting lists swell and COVID-19 vaccination rate rises.

Historical and Forecast Data for Healthcare Expenditure (% of GDP), 2018 – 2025F

The aforementioned graph shows the level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (“GDP”). The United States has by far spent the most on health care, with a group of high-income countries, including Switzerland, Germany, France, Sweden, and Japan, following.

Historical and Forecast Data for Public-Private Spending and Out-Of-Pocket Expenditure (% of Healthcare Expenditure), 2018 – 2025F

The World Bank data on out-of-pocket spending is a primal indicator with regard to financial protection and hence of current progress towards Universal Health Coverage (“UHC”). These are driven by the per capita income of the individual nations, with high-income countries tending to spend more out-of-pocket than poorer ones. Out-of-pocket costs are also positively correlated with the share of GDP spent on health. The out-of-pocket budget is high in countries that use a large share of their GDP on health. It is low in countries that channel more of their total health spending through social health insurance plans and government policies such as the NHS and nonprofit schemes.

In 2020, domestic general government health expenditure accounted for a majority share, approximately 60%, of existing medical costs, whereas private health spending being approximately 40%, with the United States having the highest public per capita spending globally.

Epidemiological Landscape of Key Indications — Infectious Diseases

Viral hepatitis is one of the major public health threats globally. In 2019, World Health Organization (“WHO”) estimates that approximately 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection in 2019, with approximately 1.5 million new infections each year for hepatitis B and hepatitis C. However, even in the 21st century, malaria remains a debilitating disease in terms of its prevalence. In 2019, there were an estimated approximately 241 million cases of malaria worldwide, with regions like Africa continuing to carry a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden.

Apart from theses, infections caused by the more than 100 types of human papillomavirus (“HPV”) viruses (that are the leading causes of sexually transmitted diseases) are currently more common worldwide than ever.

Global IVD Market — Overview and Segmentation

Concretely, the IVD tests are defined as:

“medical devices and reagents that are used to analyze specimens derived from the human body (including blood, tissues, and other body fluids) to detect diseases, conditions, and infections. IVD tests are usually performed at either stand-alone laboratory, hospital-based laboratory, or point-of-care (“POC”) centers. The technologies used for test sample preparation majorly include polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”), microarray techniques, sequencing technology, and mass spectrometry.”

Based on the key technologies involved, the global IVD market is fragmented into sub-segments including Immunoassay, Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Microbiology, Haemostasias, Flow Cytometry and others.

According to Netscribes’ estimates, the global IVD market was valued at around $75.0 billion (FY2021e). It has the potential to experience modest growth rates in the next five years, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (“CAGR”) of approximately 5.2% (2020 – 2025).

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare being a non-satiable necessity to humankind, the IVD sector is ever-expanding and is expected to experience lucrative growth rates owing to driving factors such as aging global population, increase in the occurrence of complex infectious diseases, an increase in awareness among the global urban populations etc. However, lack of proper reimbursement policies in the developing nations and scepticism among patients to get regular healthcare consulting are still hindrances in some regions, especially third-world countries, which impedes the growth of the IVD market.

In recent years, the technological revolution that spans across industries, including healthcare, is a massive, inevitable and unparalleled one that the 21st century has seen. With digitalization being the torchbearer of this transformation, healthcare has been one of the most successful digitally-integrated industries. This is owing to its intensive capacity to absorb and adapt to new technology within traces of almost every domain existent. Technologies such as POC testing, liquid biopsy and molecular diagnostics have witnessed revolutionary advancements that are milestones to modern medicine.

Global IVD Market — Key IVD Players

The IVD market spans extensively in the western parts (the US and Europe) but is also witnessing rampant growth in Asia.

More than half of the IVD market is dominated by five key players — Roche Diagnostics (Switzerland), Abbott Diagnostics (United States), Danaher Corporation (United States), Siemens Healthineers (Germany) and bioMerieux (France). This leaves the remaining market fragmented among other players such as Sysmex, Mindray, Thermo Fisher and Ortho Clinical Diagnostics. While the global IVD market is consolidating with significant ongoing M&A activities, Roche is leading the global IVD market mainly due to its broad product portfolio and highest automation.

Impact of infectious disease outbreaks on IVD sales and global economy

The world has witnessed a series of infectious disease outbreaks in the 21st century, often considered the worst in the history of mankind, affecting the lives and livelihoods of people.

According to experts from the fields of immunology, virology and epidemiology, the core reasons for the rise in viral and infectious outbreaks include climate change, rapid urbanization, changing land-use patterns etc. Such disruptive man-made activities will further increase the risk of disease emergence in the coming decades, especially in the regions where urbanization has saturated. Climate change, specifically, has brought changes in pathogens, allowing infections, particularly vector-borne ones to spread rapidly.

COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has severe disruptions across the world. Its magnitude and impact have been unprecedented to the extent that some of that even the world’s most elite, richest and strongest of medical fraternity didn’t see coming. In December 2019, COVID-19 surfaced. Since then, the virus has spread around the world, affecting billions and killing millions.

COVID-19 Testing Services — Traditional vs New Approaches

COVID-19 despite being a novel viral disease, the initial approach for diagnostics and detection mainly was dependent on methods of RT-PCRs, antigen and other antibody tests. However, of late, scientists and researchers across the globe are decisively focusing on newer techniques and approaches of diagnostics and detection, in order to make the testing and treatment protocols more efficacious, accurate, and instantaneous.

Adaptive immunity, as a concept, refers to the immunity an individual develops after exposure to an antigen, either from a pathogen or a vaccination. This part of the immune system is activated when the innate immune response of the individual is insufficient to control infection without external aid. Among the two types of adaptive immune response (i.e., the cell-mediated immune response, carried out by T-cells, and the humoral immune response carried out by B-cells and antibodies), the emergence of T-cell testing in the recent decades have opened a plethora of possibilities of intricately capturing immune response of a population after a viral outbreak such as the COVID-19 pandemic or any other viral diseases. The most crucial reason as to why the emergence is such could be attributed to the fact that the cell-mediated immune response, activates T-Cells that react directly against a foreign antigen that is presented to them on the surface of a host cell and further might kill a virus-infected host cell that has viral antigens on its surface, hence eliminating the infected cell before the virus has had a chance to replicate.

In the field of immunology, predictive healthcare and wellness are part of novel testing technologies worldwide. T-cell testing is emerging in terms of its application in mapping immune responses among populations against novel viruses and the pre-existent ones.

Since the discovery of the functionality of T-cells as helper cells to B-cells in creating adaptive immune response of a body when attacked with any type of virus or viral analogs (in the late 1960s), techniques of T-cell testing have improved and more and more biotech companies across the world have developed sophisticated technologies to support the same.

As pandemic loomed large, biotechnology developers initially focused on developing antibody testing procedures, as antibodies were considered “Immunity Passports” for the population for further survival of SARS-CoV-2 infection. But as scientists boil down on the consistently increased instances of “Long COVID” (according to WHO, Long COVID refers to scenarios when people continue to experience symptoms of COVID-19 and do not fully recover for several weeks or months after the initial manifestations of their symptoms), T-Cell testing is seen as the missing link in the whole detection ecosystem of COVID-19. As a result, the capacity of a full-blown immune-mediated test to identify and capture T-Cell immunity will shed more light on how that system can be better targeted, enhanced and made resistant against future infections.

Immune Response to COVID-19 and other Viral Threats

The COVID-19 pandemic has taken over the world and has been a constant threat to the global population and the immune response system at the core for the last two years. To lend perspective to the immunity levels of the people at large, one needs to take a closer at the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology. As of December 2021, the world has seen approximately 300 million cases of COVID-19, with approximately 5 million deaths and approximately 270 million recovery cases.

According to a 2020 survey by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”), it may take weeks for COVID-19 symptoms to resolve and for people to return to their normal state of health. This observation is significantly applicable for young adults with no chronic medical conditions.

According to data from the COVID-19 Symptom Study app, 1 in 10 people with the illness experience symptoms for 3 weeks or longer. In fact, United Kingdom’s Office for National Statistics found similar results, with roughly 1 in 10 respondents who tested positive for COVID-19 exhibiting symptoms lasting for a period of 12 weeks or longer.

Although herd immunity (a significant parameter that depicts the overall population immune response to a viral attack) for COVID-19 is still an aspect of debate, as most researchers are skeptical with regards to uneven vaccine rollout rates and changing variants of the virus, according to a WHO report on “Immune Response to COVID-19” in 2020, fewer than 10% of the general population have detectable COVID-19 antibodies and on a worldwide level, most people remain susceptible to COVID-19.

On similar lines, recent research shows that acquired immunity after a COVID-19 infection for an individual can last for up to anywhere between three months and five years. An October 2021 study by the Yale School of Public Health stated that unvaccinated people are likely to have immunity against reinfection for three to 61 months after they get COVID-19. However, this adaptive immunologic response is subject to exceptions such as change in the virus variant, vaccination history of the individual or community in question.

According to WHO estimates, approximately 60% to 70% population exposure rate to vaccinations and prior infection is required for sustainably attaining herd immunity if it is ever attainable.

For other coronavirus infections, such as SARS and MERS, a study by researchers in Singapore analyzed people who had SARS 17 years ago, still demonstrated having massive T-cell responses to the virus. This suggested the fact that T-Cell responses can be quite long-lasting and that they potentially offer a more discrete way of capturing who has been infected and who hasn’t.

Looking at the immunological aspect for major viral diseases (other than COVID-19), according to studies conducted by organizations such as WHO, United Nations Children’s Fund (“UNICEF”), and CDC the significance of T-cell testing research and development lies in the fact that it significantly contributes to long-term immunity against viral conditions. For instance, according to studies, immunologic memory remains intact for at least 30 years among healthy people who initiated Hepatitis B vaccination at more than six months of age. As per a similar study relating to influenza in the US, the herd immunity (a major parameter that depicts overall population immune response to a viral attack) threshold was estimated to be approximately 50% as of 2018.

Advances In Immunology (T-Cell Testing)

Across centuries, research and development in the field of immunology has been integral to medical science and especially to the more sophisticated fields of the same such as precision medicine, predictive healthcare, diagnostics etc. In the recent years, more and more pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies are venturing into this particular segment in the field of immunology research to provide genomic testing services independently and also through established provider networks. Variety of T-Cell testing techniques are being discovered and formulated by independent laboratory chains in fields of oncology and neurology. From the development of vaccines to developing complex testing procedures, research in the field of immunology has shown significant importance in the last couple of years, even in terms of fighting a global pandemic.

The demand for next-generation immune repertoire sequencing and such other niche methods, in the recent times are driven by a growing need to understand critical mechanisms in systems immunology. As far as future potential with respect to this particular segment is concerned, researchers are continually focusing, trying and will be trying to develop techniques of T-Cell testing that are more efficacious and safer in the longer term as the procedure has quite a few side effects. The major companies that have made pioneering contributions in the field of immunology testing include Adaptive Biotechnologies (United States), Genentech (United States), Biogen (United States), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (United States) etc.

Existing T-cell Testing Landscape: Applications in Virology for SARS-CoV-2 and other Viruses

As the T-cell testing space is experiencing substantial growth, owing to the pandemic and other viral outbreaks (seasonal or sporadic), pioneering biotechnology and other niche IVD players are expanding their horizons by developing novel techniques in this field to improve their commercial portfolio of services.

Globally, rigorous research is being performed to predict and develop backend insights relating to adaptive immune response to COVID-19 infections or other viral infections on an individual and population level. In a recent collaboration, researchers from Duke-NUS Medical School, the National Centre for Infectious Diseases and Singapore General Hospital discovered a simple and rapid method to measure the T-cell immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The procedure included introduction of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins into blood samples collected from a cohort of people who were either vaccinated or previously infected by COVID-19 and further monitoring of cytokine response post that. According to one of the lead researchers in the project, the test would enable a rapid and large-scale expansion of studies to track T-cell activity worldwide without burning out capital on sophisticated equipment.

In a pioneering initiative recently, the U.S. FDA issued an emergency use authorization (“EUA”) for the T-Detect COVID-19 Test developed by Adaptive Biotechnologies. The T-Detect COVID-19 Test is a next-generation sequencing-based test to identify individuals with an adaptive T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2, indicating recent or prior infection with SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, the T-SPOT.COVID test, developed by Oxford Immunotec Global PLC (producers of the T-SPOT.TB test, which was originally used for diagnosing infection with Tuberculosis) is highly accurate and was positive in approximately 96.6% of a group of previously infected individuals in less than 60 days after infection and approximately 83.3% at more than 60 days after infection.

In a breakthrough development, Tonix Pharmaceuticals, a United States-based pharmaceutical company, designed TNX-2100 — a skin test to measure T-cell immunity using delayed-type hypersensitivity (“DTH”). Despite DTH being a classic measure of antigen-specific T-Cell protection for ages already, the TNX-2100 skin test consists of three different mixtures of synthetic peptides designed to represent different protein components of the SARS-CoV-2 virus: multi-antigen peptides, spike peptides, and non-spike peptides. Since all of the COVID-19 vaccines currently available under EUA are based on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the reason for three different peptide cocktails is to discriminate between people who are naive, people who were vaccinated, and people who are COVID-19 convalescent. In fact, QIAGEN, a biotech major has signed up TScan Therapeutics a biotech currently focused on oncology, to help it develop an assay for coronavirus-reactive T-cells.

Significance of Key Laboratory Techniques in Detection of Adaptive Immune Response to Viral Attacks

As mentioned earlier, there are three categories of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 worldwide: RT-qPCRs, Rapid Antigen Test Kits done at POC and the in-house commercial antibody testing kits. The most integral is the reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test for detecting viral RNA. In addition,

novel rapid antigen tests done at the POC are improving in terms of sensitivity and specificity. An increasing number of biotech firms are developing their portfolio of rapid antigen tests. The third kind is the in-house and commercial antibody testing kits that are now available from brands such as Abbott and Roche.

However, there are ongoing preanalytical and analytical challenges with the RT-qPCR tests regarding significant false-positive rates and other reasons. According to a set of New Zealand-based researchers, contamination of reagents in the laboratory or at the point of primer or probe manufacture remains a risk. There is an urgent quest for developing a series of other sophisticated assays and diagnostic procedures and major biotech companies have dedicated rigorous R&D expenditure to hasten the same.

Immunocytochemistry (“ICC”) is a common laboratory technique used to anatomically visualize the localization of a specific protein or peptides in cells by using a specific primary antibody that binds to it. In recent times, it has found application in core diagnostics specific to viral indications. Immunocytochemistry is helpful when test antigens are difficult to purify in quantities needed for other testing methods. Immunocytochemistry has consistently been applied to diagnostic pathology in various fields including neoplastic or nonneoplastic diagnostics, clarifying tumour products, i.e., hormone production, anticipating the prognosis and the effects of the treatment, identifying pathogenic organisms etc. However, for the specific case of COVID-19, immunohistochemistry and other forms of immunoassays (CLIA, ECLIA and CMIA) are emerging in the field of research as well as diagnostics.

As of now, the primary WHO-approved tests for COVID-19 with EUA are by leading brands such as Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Access SARS-CoV-2 IgM), Immunodiagnostic Systems Ltd. (IDS SARS-CoV-2 IgG), Abbott Laboratories Inc. (AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgM) and Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. (ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total (COV2T)).

Apart from immunoassays, Flow Cytometry is one of the instrumental techniques that has found renewed significance in COVID-19 diagnostics and other viral indications. At the core, flow cytometry is a technique that measures the physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. The major applications of flow cytometry as a technique are specifically found in cell counting, cell sorting, determining cell characteristics and function, detecting microorganisms, biomarker detection and protein engineering detection. Flow cytometry-based analysis also finds significant importance in T-cell detection, analysis of T-cell frequencies and measuring rates of T-cell activation after COVID-19 infection.

Taking into consideration of the challenges of RT-PCRs and other existing diagnostic procedures for COVID-19, scientists are now focusing on more sophisticated and foolproof methods for COVID-19 detection and research. Recent research has suggested an alternative flow cytometry-based testing method for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The technology potentially exposes each particle to lasers and captures further, the resultant visible light scatter along with one or more fluorescence parameters. A group of researchers in Mumbai, India, have recently published a paper in the journal, Future Virology, explaining the methodology of a flow cytometry-based high-throughput screening system that sees particles of the virus binding to specific primary antibodies to create a complex that binds to fluorescent-tagged secondary antibodies. This creates a measurable fluorescence signal and aids scientists in detecting the virus’ presence in a sample. Hence, put to perspective, widespread adoption of these tests might help enhance the testing scale of COVID-19 cases globally.

Apart from COVID-19 detection, flow cytometry has found renewed application and significance in the field of testing for major viral indications such as Dengue (owing to significantly increased effectiveness over the traditional method of detection, i.e.; plaque assays for titrating the dengue virus), Malaria (to determine the developmental stage of the parasite) and HPV screening. Globally, in most affluent regions, molecular techniques and flow cytometry are displacing several manual methods for infectious disease diagnosis and monitoring. Still, potential flow cytometry applications in infectious disease management are vast and largely untapped. The method is widely adopted with HIV and Tuberculosis diagnosis and monitoring. Besides this, flow cytometry finds significant usage in multiparameter analysis of complex virus-cell interactions for simian virus 40, herpes simplex viruses, human cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus.

BUSINESS

Overview

Virax Cayman is a holding company incorporated as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, Virax Cayman conducts our operations through its operating subsidiaries in Singapore, Hong Kong, China and British Virgin Islands and has been operating since 2013. Prior to the introduction of Virax branded products in 2020, the Group was engaged in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) importation business into the PRC.

Virax Cayman is a global innovative biotechnology group that primarily engages in sales, distribution and marketing of diagnostics test kits and med-tech and PPE products for the prevention, detection, diagnosis and risk management of viral diseases with a particular interest in the field of immunology. Our mission is to minimize the risks of viruses throughout the world via our products offerings.

Our product portfolio includes: (i) diagnostics test kits sold through our “ViraxClear” brand; (ii) med-tech and PPE products sold through our “ViraxCare” brand; and (iii) Sourced Brands. Currently, our Group does not manufacture or develop any product that we sell in our product portfolio and we act as a distributor of third-party suppliers’ products. However, we believe our products, in particular diagnostic test kits, provide significant value for consumers, through improved detection of diseases, improvements in health, wellness and productivity as well as by reducing other healthcare costs, such as emergency visits and hospitalizations. Our Group also seeks to maximize consumers’ access to our products and services through competitive pricing and regular evaluations of our pricing arrangements and contracts with our distributors. We also expect to launch an upcoming brand, “Virax Immune”, with the intention of providing an immunology profiling platform that assesses each individual’s immune risk profile against major global viral diseases. Currently, we have developed a functioning prototype of T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune Brand but we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any T-Cell IVD Test to any regulatory agency for approval. We believe that the T-Cell IVD Tests and immunology platform we are developing under the Virax Immune brand will be particularly useful in the diagnosis and threat analysis of the major viruses faced globally.

Currently, the end-users of our distribution partners under our ViraxClear brand include but not limited to, clinics, pharmacies, laboratories, hospitals, and other relevant groups on an international basis, covering more than 10 countries and 4 regions, including but not limited to Europe, South America, Asia Pacific, and Sub-Saharan Africa, and we expect to extend our geographical reach to North America in 2022, while the end-users of our dedicated online platforms sales under our ViraxClear brand are predominately individuals and pharmacies. The end-users of our ViraxCare products are predominately corporations, employees, and individual consumers.

We have two commercialized brands and an upcoming brand that produce a robust pipeline of products and services which diagnose, monitor, and enable the treatment of viral diseases. Our commercialized brands are ViraxClear and ViraxCare, which have been put into market since 2020, and we aim to launch the Virax Immune brand in 2022.

ViraxClear is a diagnostics distributor, which distributes primarily the following COVID-19 test kits we source from third-party suppliers, including: (i) Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test; (ii) Antigen Test; (iii) Polymerase Chain Reaction (“PCR”) Rapid Test; and (iv) Neutralizing Antibody Tests. We have been distributing and selling those products in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia and are continuing to penetrate new markets, such as North America, by working with strategic distribution partners and selling on our own online platform. We are also seeking to grow the product offering to leverage our existing and growing distribution network.

ViraxCare provides innovative med-tech and PPE products. The product range includes: (i) employee protection equipment (“EPE”) products designed by us and produced and assembled by third-party suppliers pursuant to our manufacturing specifications, including infrared thermometers, pulse oximeters, masks, gloves, and other PPE; and (ii) sourced brands from third-party suppliers for our distribution, including but not limited to nebulizing machines and smart wearable devices that alert employees to help them follow social distance guidelines.

Currently, to facilitate the sales and distribution of our ViraxClear and ViraxCare products, we predominately rely on our key suppliers, Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co., Ltd in China for diagnostics test kits and Venus Health Consulting Limited in Hong Kong for med-tech and PPE products, for product manufacturing. After we receive our ViraxCare and ViraxClear products from our suppliers, we utilize a third party logistic company, namely, Stork Up Limited in Hong Kong, for the distribution of our products to our end-users and strategic partners overseas.

Virax Immune is our primary focus. We are developing proprietary T-Cell Test technology with the intention of providing an immunology profiling platform that assesses each individual’s immune risk profile against major global viral threats. The first IVD test we are developing is a COVID-19 T-Cell IVD test kit, which will be submitted for regulatory approval in Canada, Europe, United Kingdom and the United States initially, could be an important diagnostic tool to identify diseases including but not limited to Human Papillomavirus (better known as HPV), Malaria, Hepatitis B, and Herpes (better known as HSV-1). Virax Immune is primarily focused on the proprietary development of our T-Cell IVD test linked to our immunology software application. Currently, we have developed a functioning prototype of T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune Brand but we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any T-Cell IVD Test to any regulatory agency for approval.

We will continue to innovate by developing biotechnologies that enable us to understand viral diseases and utilize our to-be-acquired novel biosensor technology for accurate point-of-care quantification of additional biomarkers. Our goal is to understand the adaptive immune system and translate it into new products with unprecedented scale, precision and speed.

We are committed to strategically capitalizing on growth opportunities by innovating our own product pipeline, partnering with researchers and pharmaceutical companies, and maximizing the value of our existing products and services, as well as engaging in various business development activities. We believe that our business development activity is an enabler of our business and growth strategies, and we seek to generate growth by pursuing acquisitions and investments that have the potential to enhance our business and capabilities.

Our Industry

Our Group competes in the in-vitro diagnostic (“IVD”) market. The IVD tests are defined as medical devices and reagents that are used to analyze specimens derived from the human body (including blood, tissues, and other body fluids) to detect diseases, conditions, and infections. IVD tests are usually performed at either stand-alone laboratory, hospital-based laboratory, or point-of-care (“POC”) centers. The technologies used for test sample preparation majorly include polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”), microarray techniques, sequencing technology, and mass spectrometry. Based on the key technologies involved, the global IVD market is fragmented into sub-segments including Immunoassay, Hematology, Clinical Chemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Microbiology, Haemostasias, Flow Cytometry and others. According to Netscribes’ estimates, the global IVD market was valued at around $75.0 billion (FY2021E). It has the potential to experience modest growth rates in the next five years, expanding at a CAGR of around 5.2% (2020 – 2025).

In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and healthcare being a non-satiable necessity to humankind, the IVD sector is ever-expanding and is expected to experience lucrative growth rates owing to driving factors such as aging global population, increase in the occurrence of complex infectious diseases, an increase in awareness among the global urban populations etc. However, lack of proper reimbursement policies in the developing nations and scepticism among patients to get regular healthcare consulting are still hindrances in some regions, especially third-world countries, which impedes the growth of the IVD market.

In recent years, the technological revolution that spans across industries, including healthcare, is a massive, inevitable and unparalleled one that the 21st century has seen. With digitalization being the torchbearer of this transformation, healthcare has been one of the most successful digitally-integrated industries. This is owing to its intensive capacity to absorb and adapt to new technology within traces of almost every domain existent. Technologies such as POC testing, liquid biopsy and molecular diagnostics have witnessed revolutionary advancements that are milestones to modern medicine.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe the following competitive strengths differentiate us from our competitors and will continue to contribute to our success:

Cutting-edge technology

Our Group is a dynamic and innovative group engaged in creating cutting-edge technology. In particular, our in-development Virax Immune’s immunological diagnostic profiling technique is intended to be cutting-edge technology which we believe is not available on the IVD market as at the date of this prospectus. Currently, we are testing T-Cell responses to specific viral threats which will allow us to build individual immunological profile overtime based on different tests completed by different individuals. As a result, our Group believes our cutting-edge technology will enable us to radically change the diagnostic approaches of the IVD market with respect to major viral diseases.

Commercialization of our own diagnostic devices

Historically in-vitro diagnostic test kits are designed to be lab specific by leading biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and thus, an in-vitro diagnostic test kit company is required to be tied down to a specific biotechnology partner or pharmaceutical partner. However, we designed our Virax Immune T-Cell IVD test kit to be as lab agnostic and easy to use as possible. As a result, we believe this will allow us to distribute the T-Cell in-vitro diagnostics test kit to a broader geographic reach and deploy the test kits rapidly, without having to impose difficult techniques or equipment on our lab partners or being tied down to a specific lab partner. As a result, we believe we can rapidly capture the T-Cell in-vitro diagnostics test kit market share in a short period of time. Further, although we entered into a non-binding letter of intent with a European Union based materials technology company to potentially partially acquire one of their proprietary technologies, the Virax Immune brand’s future success is not dependent on our ability to partially acquire this proprietary technology as we believe that the adoption of their proprietary technology into our immune system testing technology for use at point-of-care or outside of a laboratory will only further complement the functionalities of our upcoming Virax Immune IVD T-Cell test kit in the future. However, if we fail to partially acquire or fail to adapt the necessary proprietary technology, our competitors may manufacture and market similar products, or dilute our brands, which could adversely affect our potential market share under the Virax Immune brand or delay the introduction of our future products under Virax Immune brand to the market in the long term, and thus, it could have a material adverse effect on our planned business, financial condition and results of operations.

Advanced Technologies with Competitive Pricing

Our ViraxClear diagnostic test kits offer very high sensitivity and specificity levels, approximately 98% to 99% accuracy as compared to an industry average of approximately 90% accuracy, which allow consumers to obtain consistent test results with high accuracy from the safety of their own homes at a price that is as affordable in developing as in developed countries. In addition, our partnerships with various large Chinese and European biotechnology companies and manufacturers allow us to establish a procurement chain which enables us to offer our ViraxClear diagnostic test kits to consumers at competitive pricing. Further, we can readily shift our procurement chain elsewhere based on procurement and shipping costs without incurring significant expenses. We will continue to seek opportunities to optimize our research and development to drive product development and commercial success and facilitate efficient use of capital. With a potential partial acquisition of a proprietary technology from a European Union based materials technology company, we believe it will allow us to remain at the forefront of biomarker testing. The square wave voltammetry electrical measurement techniques will facilitate a shift towards point-of-care and home-based testing that is comparable in accuracy to lab-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or ELISA, tests.

Experienced Management Team with Extensive Industry Expertise and a Global Vision

Our Group has an experienced management team driven by a shared passion for the prevention, detection, diagnosis and risk management of viral diseases, particularly immunology. Our Group is led by our chief executive officer, Mr. James Foster, who had entrepreneurial successes in several investment companies before co-founding Virax. Mr. Foster initially worked at Royal Bank of Canada and NEX Group plc (formerly, ICAP plc). In 2009, Mr. Foster co-founded and became the vice president of Emerging Asia Capital, a resource focused mergers & acquisitions boutique. In 2013, Mr. Foster co-founded and became the chief operating officer of Cryptex Card, the first global debit card company for bitcoin. In 2014, Mr. Foster co-founded Natural Source Group Pte. Limited, a venture capital funded company. Our Group is also

led by our chief scientific officer, Mr. Tomasz George, and chief technical officer, Mr. Mark Ternouth. Mr. George is a veteran within the healthcare, diagnostics and wellness industries. Since October 2020, Mr. George has been providing scientific consulting services to Teranova Capital and VICE Media. Mr. George served as chief scientific officer of Verita Healthcare Group Ltd, a global healthcare company focusing on innovative diagnostics, care and personalized treatment and wellness regimens and products, from October 2019 to March 2021. From October 2011 to October 2019, he served as the head of scientific development and then chief scientific officer for Soza Health Ltd., a personalized health and wellness testing service providing tailored recommendations to improve health and longevity. Mr. Ternouth is a seasoned veteran within the consulting industry. In 2017, Mr. Ternouth served as a consultant at GDPR 360, a company providing specialist advisory services on GDPR legislation requirements for companies. From July 2015 to December 2016, Mr. Ternouth served as a senior manager of the IT consulting division at KPMG Management Consulting LLP, a consulting company. From 2014 to 2015, Mr. Ternouth served as the vice president ERP Fusion of Certus Solutions LLP, an Oracle platinum partner company specializing in the delivery of Oracle based business change programs. In 2010, Mr. Ternouth served as a consultant with Mokum Change Management, a consultancy company specializing in Oracle applications implementation. Other members of our management team are also industry veterans with diverse expertise, such as in developing advanced technology platforms, as well as overseeing investments, financing and other corporate development initiatives of various pharmaceutical companies, and possess keen insights into the latest trends in the global healthcare and pharmaceutical market. The vision and capabilities of our leadership team have contributed to a proven track record of launching successful products for Virax globally.

Robust Sales and Distribution Network

Our Group has built a strong sales and distribution network for our Virax branded products since we scaled down our FMCG importation business into the PRC in 2020. Our sales and distribution network is composed of our own direct sales primarily through our e-commerce platforms and as well as various strategic distribution partners, located around the world. We have further complemented our sales and distribution network by securing distribution agreements for in-demand companies, brands and products to sell as an exclusive distributor on a regional basis. For example, under our ViraxClear brand, we have a third-party exclusive distribution agreement with PRC biotechnology company, Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co., Ltd, for the distribution of their diagnostic kits under our brand name in the Canadian market. The third party exclusive distribution agreements allowed our Group to drive revenue and build further shareholders’ value by increase sales and sales margin on products that we do not produce. For further details on the third party exclusive distribution agreements, please refer to “Key Supplier Relationship” in this section.

Expanding Research and Development Capabilities

Our Group has invested significant resources with respect to our gross income in research and development. For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, our research and development expenses amounted to approximately $200,000, $120,221 and $87,000, respectively. As of September 30, 2021, we have an intellectual property portfolio consisting of 16 regional exclusivity licenses, 3 pending trademarks and 4 registered domain names. We intend to apply for an aggregate of 3 patents in 2022. For one of the pending patents, we are in the process of partially acquiring it and we expect to close the acquisition in 2022. We have built a strong research and development team and are developing our Virax branded products and a T-Cell IVD test kit under the Virax Immune brand for COVID-19, which we subsequently intend to adapt for immunological profiling against multiple viral threats. We are also building a proprietary mobile application for Virax Immune, using an in-house code, that will present an individual’s immunological profiling data and provide advice on the users’ immune system. Based on our management team’s analysis, we expect to file a patent for the Virax Immune Cell diagnostic test kit and a copyright for the Virax Immune app in 2022. With a potential of a partial acquisition of a patent, we will aim to integrate it into Virax Immune’s product offering, as well as license it to third parties. As of September 30, 2021, our research and development team was composed of 4 personnel, which accounted for approximately 33.3% of our total employees. While Mr. James Foster and Mr. Cameron Shaw fulfiled their duties as chief executive officer and chief operating officer, respectively, they were also included in the research and development team in addition to Mr. Mark Ternouth, our Chief Technical Officer, and Mr. Tomasz George, our Chief Scientific Officer, due to their respective inputs and assistance to the innovations and developments of the ViraxClear, ViraxCare and Virax Immune business lines. Our research and development team has years of technology know-how in developing and launching products and services in response to market demands. We believe this can lead to a shorter time to market which in turn may allow us to fully capture opportunities presented by shifts in industry trends. Further, our in-house research and development team collaborate closely with our manufacturing and research and development partners to ensure our products receive timely updates and/or the new biotechnology to keep abreast of viral diseases affecting the global.

Virax Immune

The responses to COVID-19 vary widely between individuals. On the one hand, some individuals might be infected with the virus but exhibit no symptoms whatsoever, whereas others may have serious and occasionally fatal responses to the virus. T-Cells are responsible for part of an individual’s immune responses to COVID-19, they identify the virus, bind to it and alert the rest of the immune system to its presence, coordinating the immune cells against the viral attack. After an individual becomes infected with COVID-19, T-Cells to the virus can be present in the blood long after recovery. IgG antibodies to COVID-19 may be present for months after disease recovery. T-Cells to the original 2002 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (“SARS”) virus have been found in survivors 17 years after the original infection. As a result, long-term protection could be expected for the current COVID-19.

As of January 2022, we are currently conducting preclinical trials on our new T-Cell IVD test kit seeking to detect T-Cell immune responses to major global viral diseases, in particular to COVID-19. Our subsequent clinical trials will be conducted in the Netherlands by ICON Clinical Research Limited, an independent third party company. Initially, volunteers and/or patients are screened based on a list of criteria in order for the eligible participants to be chosen to participate in the trial. Once chosen, blood samples are taken from eligible participants. Currently, there are approximately 100 eligible participants. After the blood samples are taken, they are sent and reviewed by IQ Services B.V. (the “Study Team”), an independent third party science company. All intellectual property rights developed during the course of the research activities by the Study Team belongs to our Group. The study team identifies the presence of various markers/protein, including but not limited to T-Cell markers & SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies. Once they identify the blood samples with the various markers/protein, the relevant samples are tested on our T-Cell IVD test kit. Depending on the accuracy of the number of positive test results returned, it will validate our T-Cell IVD test kit.

We believe these tests are useful for determining an individual’s inherent protection from COVID-19 by their immune T-Cells if an individual has so far avoided COVID-19 infection. The new COVID-19 in-vitro diagnostic kit also may be useful to determine the degree of long-term protection an individual may have after recovering from COVID-19. To illustrate the effectiveness of a general T-cell in-vitro diagnostic test kit, according to a research report on “SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls”, independent third party researchers tested a samples of 2,200 people in Vo’, Italy, with a T-cell test and with an antibody test. Of the 70 people who had confirmed cases of COVID-19, the T-cell test correctly identified 97% of cases and the antibody test correctly identified 77% of cases, and of the more than 2,000 people who were tested negative for COVID-19, the T-cell diagnostic test also returned positive results for 45 people. Currently, we have developed a functioning prototype of T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune Brand but we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any T-Cell IVD Test to any regulatory agency for approval. However, we plan to predominately submit our Virax Immune T-Cell IVD test kit for regulatory approval in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and European Union, as well as marketing to our existing ViraxClear distribution partners in South America and Africa for reselling. In these countries, we plan to use a combination of our existing regional distributors and continuous expansion of on these existing distributors for sales to clinics, pharmacies, laboratories, hospitals, and other relevant groups for the regions outside of North America and Europe. Further, outside of these territories, we plan to contract with distributors who will market and sell our Virax Immune T-Cell IVD test kit. Our target customers base includes hospitals, commercial testing laboratories, importers, and distributors. Our goal is to educate these groups through social media campaigns and other marketing channels with regard to the clinical, operational and economic benefits of switching from an antibody test to our T-Cell IVD test kit.

Due to the current COVID-19 global pandemic, COVID-19 will continue to affect the world in some form for the foreseeable future. As such, there is a strategic business case to focus our T-cell test on responses to COVID-19 in the first instance, and eventually, branching out to cover other communicable diseases, pathogens and allergens in the near future.

As more of the global population get vaccinated, the current coronavirus will be under increasing pressure to mutate in order to evade the vaccine’s protection. Further, no vaccine is 100% effective against the coronavirus so there always will be a part of the vaccinated population, between approximately 5% and 50% of the population depending on which vaccine was administered, who will not and/or do not develop an adequate immune response, and thus, are not effectively protected from coronavirus. It is therefore very important to test long-term adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and its variants as they arise so that individuals will have better knowledge as to their continued protection as the coronavirus mutates.

Long-Covid or Covid Long hauler syndrome (“Long-Covid”) may affect up to 20% of individuals who have contracted COVID-19, and even individuals who developed or will develop an adverse response to vaccination. One of the fundamental mechanisms behind this coronavirus involves immune cells in the body that start to express Sars-Cov-2 spike proteins (“Rogue Immune Cells) even after the viral Sars-Cov-2 particles have been eradicated and the original infection is eradicated from the body. The T-cells within an individual can identify these Rogue Immune Cells. As such, our T-Cell IVD test is effective at identifying Long-Covid as well as immunity to the original coronavirus disease.

Although we have not submitted any Virax Immune products for regulatory approval, we have identified other diseases where T-cell testing under Virax Immune products could be an important diagnostic tool to identify diseases including but not limited to Post-Lyme, Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Epstein–Barr virus (better known as EBV), Human Papillomavirus (better known as HPV), Malaria, Tuberculosis, Dengue virus, Hepatitis B, Herpes (better known as HSV-1), Rabies, Mumps, Rubella, Measles, Cytomegalovirus (better known as CMV), Hepatitis C virus (better known as HCV), HIV, and Influenza A. It may also be a useful tool for allergy testing. We believe we can leverage upon our technologies to develop and adapt the T-cell test which will allow us to grow our product offering under the Virax Immune brand for a broader IVD application through T-cell testing to cover over 14 viral threats.

Further, due to the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, international travel around the globe will continue to be significantly hindered due to the high risk of infection. As such, there is a “growing global consensus” for the need for a COVID-19 immunity passport to permit international travel based on digital proof of vaccination and a negative COVID-19 test result. As we believe that the general results of a T-cell diagnostic test will provide a better long term understanding of an individual’s COVID-19 status and immunity than other COVID-19 diagnostic tests, we believe that by linking our Virax Immune diagnostic test kit to our immunology software application (collectively, “Virax Immune Platform”), we can integrate the application through a software development kits (“SDK”) and application programming interface (“API”) to assist with the creation of an immunity passport system proposed by global authorities by allowing governments to have access to an individual’s test results, which could be ground breaking from a COVID-19 health perspective since there is no COVID-19 immunity passport as of September 30, 2021. Currently, vaccine passport technology is being rolled out globally and it is already extrapolating data streams from a variety of sources but predominately based on government mandated vaccination programs. The governments integrate data through a variety of means and methods, including the procurement processes which we have played a role in applying previously. However, as of the date of this prospectus, we have not engaged with any governments for Virax Immune Platform yet. We believe that as vaccination efficacy wavers, and as time goes on, other forms of data and information will become crucial in understanding an individual’s ability to travel or cross borders safely. The Virax Immune Platform will provide proprietary data flows to further governments’ application programs as they diversify data flows away from simple binary vaccinations as the sole indictor of travel suitability. We believe immune system responses can accurately paint a more accurate long-term picture of an individual’s likelihood to be protected from serious disease and will likely be associated with their chances of contracting a disease and the possibility of transmitting the disease to others. We foresee our Virax Immune Platform and the information that we will produce from it will be a resourceful tool for every government globally if they are to feasibly open borders to all medium to high risk countries in the near to medium term future while also safeguarding their citizens as much as possible.

The following chart illustrates the anticipated process of our Virax Immune diagnostic test kit clinic version which is the first development phase of our Virax Immune diagnostic test kit (“development phase 1”):

The general usage process of Virax Immune diagnostic test kit clinic version under development phase 1 is anticipated to be as follows: (i) the consumers initially provide a blood sample to a Virax Immune approved clinic, after which, the blood samples sent to the lab for analysis; (ii) T-Cells are extracted and the individual’s blood is analyzed for immune responses to COVID-19 or any other virus to be tested for; (iii) the test results will be sent securely to the consumer via our immunology software application; (iv) health recommendations will be individually tailored based on test results; and (v) the test result data will be uploaded to the immunity passport systems that can be accessed by participating governments. Any customer who subscribes the immunity passport system must sign a user disclaimer disclaiming personal data before using our system. Users will also have the option to subscribe to a subscription service through our mobile application that provides on-going T-cell tests for novel antigens. Over time this will build up an extensive immune profile for each individual user. Areas of robust immunity where there is strong protection can be identified, as well as areas of weaker protection that need to be strengthened. Information will be provided to users to cover: health recommendations including but not limited to (a) tailored diet and lifestyle modifications or supplement recommendations from our approved partners, (b) the most useful vaccines for each individual, (c) the pathogens to which a person has the least protection and should be avoided wherever possible through mask wearing, social distancing, and avoiding hotspots or outbreak areas, (d) reducing physical, mental and oxidative stress; (e) healing intestinal dysbiosis; and (f) taking steps to tackle chronic inflammation. Our Virax Immune diagnostic home test kit is the development phase (“development phase 2”) after development phase 1, as illustrated in the chart above. Virax Immune diagnostic home test kit is expected to allow customers to provide a blood sample from a user’s home to a Virax Immune approved clinic. Currently, we are still in the process of conducting further tests and we have not submitted any Virax Immune diagnostic kit to any regulatory agency for approval.

Mobile Application Functionalities

•        Long term verification for if an individual have previously contracted a viral disease;

•        Intrinsic immunity testing to verify whether an individual will have a reasonable immunity response to new viral diseases or the variant strain of the current coronavirus based on the makeup of memory T-cells within an individual’s immune system as these can often react to new viral disease if they have seen similar viruses in the past;

•        Link to diet and lifestyle suggestions to improve immune function that are tailored to an individual and integrated within the app;

•        APIs within the mobile app to link with government immunity passport records where relevant as described above;

•        Revenue streams collected as a result of both user interaction with the mobile app and also the recommendations for users based on their test results;

•        The mobile app will show an individual current immunity status for each of the viral diseases tested and known in our database. An individual immunity response may be an innate immunity or acquired through various vaccination; and

•        There will be an indication whether booster shots of vaccine are likely to be required for a specific viral disease known within our database.

After an initial immunity assessment, users can subscribe to ongoing tailored suggestions to improve their immune function and regular testing of different viral diseases immunity to add to their immune profile, and thus, adding a further revenue stream for our Company.

After obtaining the relevant regulatory approvals in the targeted jurisdictions for the T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand, namely, Canada, United Kingdom, the European Union and the United States for Virax Immune, we will adapt our immune system testing technology for use at point-of-care or outside of a laboratory environment, with results delivered using a portable testing device. The device will utilize a proprietary technology from a European Union based materials technology company, involving screen printed electrodes and biosensors we have adapted to look at various biomarkers at point of care in a fraction of the time. The biosensors have the capability of producing lab standard test quality that has been shown to be comparable or better in accuracy as compared to lab based ELISA tests. The test can be performed without the need for trained personnel, laboratory equipment and expensive reagents. The test contains an electrochemical sensor consisting of an electrode surface that has been pre-coated with antibodies to a specific substance or biomarker that is detected for in a sample. When exposed to the sample, the biomarkers present in the sample bind to the antibodies, changing their conformation. An electrical square wave volumetric technique is then used to quantify the amount of biomarker bound to antibodies on the electrode surface. The whole process will take approximately 20 minutes as compared to an approximate of 4 hours for a similar ELISA lab test. The device we are developing is also small and portable enough for easy point-of care or home testing. Currently, we have signed a letter of intent and are in the process of negotiating a definitive agreement with a European Union based materials technology company to acquire partially their relevant proprietary technology, and we have no specific closing timeline as of the date of this prospectus. After the acquisition, we will adopt their proprietary technology into our immune system testing technology. We believe it will allow us to remain at the forefront of biomarker testing. As at the date of this prospectus, we have not applied to any relevant regulatory approvals in the targeted jurisdictions for the T-Cell IVD Test under the Virax Immune brand.

Based on our management’s assessment, the Virax Immune Platform without the immunity passport system is our core strategy and the predominately value creation product under the Virax Immune brand. The immunity passport system will provide a potential additional income stream under the Virax Immune brand and provide additional added convenience benefit for users under the Virax Immune Platform if the implementation is successful.

For further details on the developments of our Virax Immune suite of IVD T-Cell test kits and Virax Immune Mobile Application, see “Our Strategies — Development of the proprietary Virax Immune suite of IVD T-Cell test kits, which has a huge potential in immunology diagnostics and therapeutics, and development of Virax Immune Mobile Application that will allow consumers to access their test results and then link to a variety of information and advice regarding their immunological profile provided by their test results” in this section.

ViraxClear

ViraxClear is a diagnostics distributor, which distributes primarily the following COVID-19 IVD test kits we source from third-party suppliers, including: (i) Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test; (ii) Antigen Test; (iii) Polymerase Chain Reaction (“PCR”) Rapid Test; and (iv) Neutralizing Antibody Tests. We have been distributing and selling those products in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia (excluding China) and are continuing to penetrate new markets, such as North America, by working with strategic distribution partners and selling on our own online platform. We are also seeking to grow the product offering to leverage our existing and growing distribution network.

Our diagnostic test kits are as follows:

ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test

Below is our ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test:

The ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test for COVID-19 is a lateral flow immunoassay test kit used to qualitatively detect both early and late marker IgG/IgM antibodies. This means ViraxClear can indicate whether an individual has been infected, as well as the indication of the stage of COVID-19 infection. The ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test obtained a CE certification from the European Economic Area in March 2020.

Key features and functions:

•        Rapid Results.    The ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test provides test results in just under 15 minutes, and it is CE certified. With the COVID-19 pandemic, we believe the ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test is a game-changer in the diagnosis of COVID-19, which allows for immediate detection and preventative measures to protect yourself and those around you. It is beneficial to users as it is not required to be send into a test lab for test results, and thus, avoiding waiting in a queue,

which can often take up to a week, for results. Detection is crucial in the prevention of spreading COVID-19 infection to those around you as well as for effective treatment should you test positive for COVID-19.

•        Accurate Results.    The ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test have shown in studies conducted by independent third parties to be highly accurate in the correct diagnosis of test subjects. This screening test is similar to the type that was used widely by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention to identify COVID-19. The ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test has been compared with a commercial PCR test, the results indicating high specificity and sensitivity.

•        Flexible.    The ViraxClear Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM Test does not require the subject to travel to a hospital or doctor’s clinic as the test can be carried out at work or home. Recent studies suggested that a high percentage of test subjects exhibited no or few clinical symptoms for COVID-19 so regular testing is particularly crucial for those exposed to high risk individuals. This is particularly useful if an individual requires regular testing in order to visit a high-risk individual, such as an elderly family member or for key workers who need to work during periods of COVID-19 outbreak, for example, medical personnel.

•        Easy to Use.    The single-use qualitative test detects both early and late marker IgG/IgM antibodies in human finger-prick blood samples. Our IgC/IgM test kit comes with all required operating equipment to carry out the testing procedure and can be stored at room temperature between 2 to 30 Celsius.

•        Affordable.    The ViraxClear IgG/IgM Test retails at a rate far lower than more well-known competitors, such as Roche Holding AG (SIX: ROG) and Abbott Laboratories (NYSE: ABT), while not trading anything in terms of sensitivity or specificity.

ViraxClear Antigen Test

Below is our ViraxClear Antigen Test:

The ViraxClear SARS-coV-2 Antigen (Lateral Flow) tests are immunoassays that use highly sensitive monoclonal antibodies to detect the presence of Coronaviruses. A rapid antigen test, sometimes called a rapid antigen detection test or often even just a rapid test, is a rapid diagnostic test suitable for point-of-care testing that directly detects the presence or absence of an antigen. It is commonly used for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. The ViraxClear Antigen Test obtained a CE certification from the European Economic Area in June 2020.

Key features and functions:

•        Rapid Results.    The ViraxClear Antigen Test produce test results in approximately 10 minutes, which is suitable for large-scale screening.

•        Easy to Use.    The ViraxClear Antigen Test is easy to use with no additional operating equipment required. This test can be operated without the assistance of medical professionals at a client’s place of work, transport hubs, hospitality arenas and any location or event requiring safety and precaution for all those in attendance.

•        Quick detection.    The ViraxClear Antigen Test detects COVID-19 directly and faster than PCR test. A PCR test will typically produce test results after a number of hours while our Antigen Test produces accurate results in 10 minutes.

•        Easy Storage.    The ViraxClear Antigen Test can be stored at room temperature between 4 to 30 Celsius for easy use.

•        Accurate Results.    The ViraxClear Antigen Test have shown in studies to be highly accurate in the correct diagnosis of test subjects.

•        Flexible.    The ViraxClear Antigen Test does not require the subject to travel to a hospital or doctor’s clinic as the test can be carried out at work or home.

Below is our ViraxClear AI powered sanitizing robot:

Nebulizing machine

A fully automated walk through body sanitizer, complete with disinfectant floor mat, motion sensors, and spray jets. When passing through, the system starts automatically with a photocell sensor and an individual who crosses the ARCH is sprayed with a fine mist sanitizing the individual from head to toe. The mist is not harmful to clothes, skin, eyes, ears, hair, pets, babies or anything else. The nebulizing machine is manufactured from high-technology composite bathroom panels and it is a photocell motion sensor technology equipped with nebulizing spray jets offered in four colours. The nebulizing machine is available in two products, both presented at the same price. For locations that are unable to connect to a main water supply, unit one of the nebulizing machine has the sanitizing spray pre-mixed and a built-in storage tank contained within the unit. This unit dispenses approximately 900 times before a re-fill is required.

Unit two of the nebulizing machine connects to a water supply, uses sanitizing concentrate and it comes complete with a doser and dispenses approximately 3,500 nebulizing sprays. Currently, our nebulizing machine is marketed under the product name, CovidVirusGuard.

Key features and functions:

•        100% natural.

•        Alcohol free.

•        Ethanol free.

•        Protect against COVID-19.

•        Protect against Tuberculosis, Sars, Nora Virus, Malaria, Ebola, E-Coli, MRSA and traditional Flu.

•        Protect company employees and reduce their sick absences.

•        Reduce cleaning.

•        Protect customers.

•        Effective as a work surface cleaner.

•        Works quicker and lasts longer than alcohol based hand sanitisers.

Below is our CovidVirusGuard:

Sales, Distribution, Marketing and Advertising

Our Group has built a strong sales and distribution network since we scaled down our FMCG importation business into the PRC in 2020. Our sales and distribution network is composed of (i) our own direct sales, primarily through our e-commerce platform, and (ii) distributors located around the world. We have further complemented our sales and distribution network by serving as an exclusive distributor for in-demand companies’ brands and products on a regional basis.

We do not manufacture any products under our ViraxCare and ViraxClear brands and all of the products under those two brands are sourced by us from third party suppliers located in China and/or Hong Kong for distribution. We secured third party exclusive distribution agreements for branded and other products that we distribute, from a variety of sources, including certain manufacturers and licensed distributors, on a regional exclusive basis. This allows us to further drive revenue and build further shareholders’ value by increase sales and sales margin on products that we do not manufacture. For instance, one of our third party exclusive distribution partners is a United Kingdom based company, where we are the exclusive distributor in Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia,

China, Canada, South Africa for distributing its nebulizing machines. We utilize two routes of distribution to deliver our products to our customers. In many cases, we instruct our third-party suppliers located in China and/or Hong Kong to ship the products directly to our customers per our order instructions. Given the breadth of our product offerings, we are able to optimize delivery and reduce inventory level by shipping directly from our third-party suppliers. In some cases, the third party suppliers will ship the products to us first for our inspection, and after passing our inspection, we will label, pack and deliver the products to our end customers through a third party logistic company, namely, Stork Up Limited in Hong Kong.

ViraxCare has developed a proprietary EPE turnkey corporate solution that provides employers with a curated supply of virus protection equipment for their employees through our business-to-business e-commerce platform, viraxcare.com. Further, ViraxCare’s AI powered sanitizing robot is designed for the use in the European market with exclusive distribution rights. ViraxCare also has other distribution rights on a number of highly innovative third party products.

ViraxClear has an exclusive and non-exclusive distribution rights for its various IVD diagnostic test kits, which we sell on one of our own dedicated online platforms, viraxclear.com, and through our distribution partners. For instance, ViraxClear has signed exclusive distribution rights in territories of particular interest of sale of the proprietary intellectual property rights of our supplier to particular territories. For instance, ViraxClear owns the exclusive right for distribution in Canada of IVD diagnostic testing kits for Neutralizing Antibody test kit and the Rapid Antibody IgC/IgM test kit, which are currently in huge demand around the globe.

Our revenues from ViraxCare exclusive distribution accounted for approximately 30% of our total revenues in the fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our revenues from ViraxClear distribution accounted for approximately 70% of our total revenues in the fiscal years 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Group had $0 sales for the six months ended September 30, 2021.

Further, our marketing strategy largely focuses on educating consumers, in particular corporate consumers, about our products as everyone may potentially be susceptible to a viral disease. We also plan to focus on clinics, pharmacies, laboratories, hospitals, and other relevant groups once we receive regulatory approval on our Virax Immune product. We use a combination of techniques in our marketing approach including but not limited to viral social media campaigns, aggressive targeted direct marketing through various outlets such as mobile applications and social media. In our advertisements, we introduce consumers, medical personnel, administrative staff, laboratories and other relevant groups to the quality and cost-savings that our products afford: namely, our proprietary value-branded products that produce similar test results on detection of viral diseases against our leading branded counterparts at an affordable price.

Product Quality and Safety

We believe that product safety and quality are critical. We have developed, implemented and enforced a robust product safety and quality program. We have established critical control points throughout the entire supply chain from raw materials sourcing procurement to finished goods to ensure compliance with our quality program. As of September 30, 2021, our products received 8 CE certifications.

We use contract manufacturers to produce certain of our proprietary value-branded products. To ensure product quality, consistency and safety standards, we actively monitor each contract manufacturer’s operations through the standard operating procedures and facility audits.

All of our third-party manufacturing facilities are required to have quality control standard operating procedures in place. We require our contract manufacturing facilities to maintain third-party certifications and pass our own quality system and safety audits, and for CE-regulated products, to comply with the Good Manufacturing Practices of the European Union. Third-party certifications provide an independent and external assessment that a product and/or process complies with applicable safety regulations and standards, though a regulatory authority may disagree with that assessment. In addition, our quality control team conducts quarterly reviews of all aspects of our supply chain to ensure that the raw materials, finished goods, and manufacturing processes meet our strict safety and quality requirements and that all of our ingredients are rigorously tested prior to being used in our products.

Key Supplier Relationship

We use a broad range of materials in the manufacture and performance of our diagnostic tests. We source our suppliers through multiple channels: (i) through referrals from counterparties, (ii) through industry exhibitions/expos, and (iii) through our distributors. Our suppliers are divided into two categories: (1) those manufacturing our products as per our manufacturing standards, and (2) those providing products for our distribution. We purchase all raw materials used in our tests from external suppliers. HKco purchase some key materials from a single source from Nanjing Vazyme Medical Technology Co., Ltd. (“Nanjing Vazyme”)for reasons of quality assurance, sole source availability, cost effectiveness or constraints resulting from regulatory requirements. Our Group work closely with our suppliers to assure continuity of supply while maintaining high quality and reliability. To date, our Group have not experienced any significant difficulty in locating and obtaining the materials necessary to fulfill our production schedules.

There are three suppliers accounted for 100% and nil of our total purchases, respectively, for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. There were no purchases in the six months ended September 30, 2021.

The following summarizes the major terms with Nanjing Vazyme:

Key Customer Relationship

Our Group has two types of customers: (i) direct end user customers, which includes corporations, independent laboratories, large hospital systems and public and private institutions covering 3 regions, and (ii) distributor customers, which distribute our own brands and products we sourced from third party suppliers in South America, Asia Pacific and Africa.

The Group had no sales for the six months ended September 30, 2021 and one consultancy customer for the six months ended September 30, 2020. Accounts receivable from these customers was $0 and $928 as of September 30, 2021 and March 31, 2021, respectively.

Five customers and three customers accounted for approximately 98% and 100% of the Group’s sales for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Accounts receivable from these customers was $928 and $0 as of March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The following summarizes the general terms with our key customers:

Research and Development

As of September 30, 2021, our research and development team was composed of 4 personnel, which accounted for approximately 33.3% of our total employees. While Mr. James Foster and Mr. Cameron Shaw fulfiled their duties as chief executive officer and chief operating officer, respectively, they were also included in the research and development team in addition to Mr. Mark Ternouth, our Chief Technical Officer, and Mr. Tomasz George, our Chief Scientific Officer, due to their respective inputs and assistance to the innovations and developments of the ViraxClear, ViraxCare and Virax Immune business lines. Our Group has invested significant resources with respect to our gross income to maintain our technological advantages and intend to continue to extensively invest in our research and development capabilities. For the six months ended September 30, 2021 and the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, our research and development expenses amounted to approximately $200,000, $120,221 and $87,000, respectively. We have built a strong research and development team and are developing our Virax branded products and a T-Cell IVD test kit under the Virax Immune brand for COVID-19, which we subsequently intend to adapt for immunological profiling against multiple viral threats. We are also building a proprietary mobile application for Virax Immune, using an in-house code, that will present an individual’s immunological profiling data and provide advice on the users’ immune system. For the year ended March 31, 2021, approximately 73% and 50% of our Chief Executive Officer’s, Mr. James Foster, and our Chief Operating Officer’s, Mr. Cameron Shaw, consulting costs amounting to $120,221 were related to research and development expenses to introduce, innovate and improve the Group’s products and services. Consulting costs to our chief executive officer and chief operating officer is considered as research and development expenses when a proportion of the relevant employee’s time is dedicated to research and development work for the Group. For the year ended March 31, 2020, the cost represented an allocation of 73% of our chief executive officer’s consulting costs only and amounted to $87,000. The research and development expenses amounted to $120,221 and $87,000 in 2021 and 2020, respectively. As a result, we considered Mr. James Foster and Mr. Cameron Shaw as part of our research and development in addition to their respective roles and duties as Chief Executive Officer and Chief Operating Officer for the years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020. During the fiscal years 2021 and 2020, the Group was able to use its internal resources to progress its research and development activities due to the early stages of development of its Virax branded products. Since April 2021, the Group started to engage external parties, namely, selected third-party specialist research and development companies and contracted consultants and scientists, to assist with its research and development as its portfolio moves into concept validation and testing.

We outsource our research and development to a number of selected third-party specialist research and development companies. We have entered into service agreements with certain third-party specialist companies. Such framework agreements typically have a term until the final version of the product is developed, research scope, confidentiality, invention assignment, and may be terminated by either party with advance notice. We are highly selective in choosing third-party specialist companies, assessing their qualifications in many criteria, including but not limited to, research and development capabilities, pricing, and quality of products. Our dedicated personnel regularly inspect our third-party specialist research companies’ research and development practices and progress. To assist with the research and development process, we provide some of our proprietary know-how, and license our intellectual property rights and technologies, to certain third-party specialist research and development companies. To